This manual is for GNU Automake (version 1.17,
12 July 2024), a program that creates GNU standards-compliant
Makefiles from template files.
3 General ideas ¶
The following sections cover a few basic ideas that will help you
understand how Automake works.
3.1 General Operation ¶
Automake works by reading a Makefile.am and generating a
Makefile.in. Certain variables and rules defined in the
Makefile.am instruct Automake to generate more specialized code;
for instance, a bin_PROGRAMS variable definition will cause rules
for compiling and linking programs to be generated.
The variable definitions and rules in the Makefile.am are
copied mostly verbatim into the generated file, with all variable
definitions preceding all rules. This allows you to add almost
arbitrary code into the generated Makefile.in. For instance,
the Automake distribution includes a non-standard rule for the
git-dist target, which the Automake maintainer uses to make
distributions from the source control system.
Note that most GNU Make extensions are not recognized by Automake. Using
such extensions in a Makefile.am will lead to errors or confusing
behavior.
A special exception is that the GNU Make append operator, ‘+=’, is
supported. This operator appends its right hand argument to the variable
specified on the left. Automake will translate the operator into
an ordinary ‘=’ operator; ‘+=’ will thus work with any make program.
Automake tries to keep comments grouped with any adjoining rules or
variable definitions.
Generally, Automake is not particularly smart in the parsing of unusual
Makefile constructs, so you’re advised to avoid fancy constructs or
“creative” use of whitespace.
For example, TAB characters cannot be used between a target name
and the following “:” character, and variable assignments
shouldn’t be indented with TAB characters.
Also, using more complex macros in target names can cause trouble:
% cat Makefile.am
$(FOO:=x): bar
% automake
Makefile.am:1: bad characters in variable name '$(FOO'
Makefile.am:1: ':='-style assignments are not portable
A rule defined in Makefile.am generally overrides any such
rule of a similar name that would be automatically generated by
automake. Although this is a supported feature, it is generally
best to avoid making use of it, as sometimes the generated rules are
very particular.
Similarly, a variable defined in Makefile.am or
AC_SUBSTed from configure.ac will override any
definition of the variable that automake would ordinarily
create. This feature is often more useful than the ability to
override a rule. Be warned that many of the variables generated by
automake are considered to be for internal use only, and their
names might change in future releases.
When examining a variable definition, Automake will recursively examine
variables referenced in the definition. For example, if Automake is
looking at the content of foo_SOURCES in this snippet
xs = a.c b.c
foo_SOURCES = c.c $(xs)
it would use the files a.c, b.c, and c.c as the
contents of foo_SOURCES.
Automake also allows a form of comment that is not copied into
the output; all lines beginning with ‘##’ (leading spaces allowed)
are completely ignored by Automake.
It is customary to make the first line of Makefile.am read:
## Process this file with automake to produce Makefile.in
3.2 Strictness ¶
While Automake is intended to be used by maintainers of GNU packages, it
does make some effort to accommodate those who wish to use it, but do
not want to use all the GNU conventions.
To this end, Automake supports three levels of strictness—how
stringently Automake should enforce conformance with GNU conventions.
Each strictness level can be selected using an option of the same name;
see Changing Automake’s Behavior.
The strictness levels are:
-
gnu ¶
This is the default level of strictness. Automake will check for
basic compliance with the GNU standards for software packaging.
See The GNU Coding Standards, for full details
of these standards. Currently the following checks are made:
- The files INSTALL, NEWS, README, AUTHORS,
and ChangeLog, plus one of COPYING.LIB, COPYING.LESSER
or COPYING, are required at the topmost directory of the package.
If the --add-missing option is given, automake will
add a generic version of the INSTALL file as well as the
COPYING file containing the text of the current version of the
GNU General Public License existing at the time of this Automake release
(version 3 as this is written,
https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html).
However, an existing COPYING file will never be overwritten by
automake.
- The options no-installman and no-installinfo are
prohibited.
Future versions of Automake will add more checks at this level of
strictness; it is advisable to be familiar with the precise requirements
of the GNU standards.
Future versions of Automake may, at this level of strictness, require
certain non-standard GNU tools to be available to maintainer-only
Makefile rules. For instance, in the future pathchk
(see pathchk invocation in GNU Coreutils)
may be required to run ‘make dist’.
-
foreign ¶
Automake will check for only those things that are absolutely
required for proper operation. For instance, whereas GNU standards
dictate the existence of a NEWS file, it will not be required in
this mode. This strictness will also turn off some warnings by default
(among them, portability warnings).
-
gnits ¶
Automake will check for compliance to the as-yet-unwritten Gnits
standards. These are based on the GNU standards, but are even more
detailed. Unless you are a Gnits standards contributor, it is
recommended that you avoid this option until such time as the Gnits
standard is published (which is unlikely to ever happen).
Currently, --gnits does all the checks that
--gnu does, and checks the following as well:
- ‘make installcheck’ will check to make sure that the
--help and --version print a usage message and a
version string, respectively. This is the std-options option
(see Changing Automake’s Behavior).
- ‘make dist’ will check to make sure the NEWS file has been
updated to the current version.
VERSION is checked to make sure its format complies with Gnits
standards.
-
If
VERSION indicates that this is an alpha release, and the file
README-alpha appears in the topmost directory of a package, then
it is included in the distribution. This is done in --gnits
mode, and no other, because this mode is the only one where version
number formats are constrained, and hence the only mode where Automake
can automatically determine whether README-alpha should be
included.
- The file THANKS is required.
Automake variables generally follow a uniform naming scheme that
makes it easy to decide how programs (and other derived objects) are
built, and how they are installed. This scheme also supports
configure time determination of what should be built.
At make time, certain variables are used to determine which
objects are to be built. The variable names are made of several pieces
that are concatenated together.
The piece that tells automake what is being built is commonly called
the primary. For instance, the primary PROGRAMS holds a
list of programs that are to be compiled and linked.
A different set of names is used to decide where the built objects
should be installed. These names are prefixes to the primary, and they
indicate which standard directory should be used as the installation
directory. The standard directory names are given in the GNU standards
(see Directory Variables in The GNU Coding Standards).
Automake extends this list with pkgdatadir, pkgincludedir,
pkglibdir, and pkglibexecdir; these are the same as the
non-‘pkg’ versions, but with ‘$(PACKAGE)’ appended. For instance,
pkglibdir is defined as ‘$(libdir)/$(PACKAGE)’.
For each primary, there is one additional variable named by prepending
‘EXTRA_’ to the primary name. This variable is used to list
objects that may or may not be built, depending on what
configure decides. This variable is required because Automake
must statically know the entire list of objects that may be built in
order to generate a Makefile.in that will work in all cases.
For instance, cpio decides at configure time which programs
should be built. Some of the programs are installed in bindir,
and some are installed in sbindir:
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax
sbin_PROGRAMS = $(MORE_PROGRAMS)
Defining a primary without a prefix as a variable, e.g.,
‘PROGRAMS’, is an error.
Note that the common ‘dir’ suffix is left off when constructing the
variable names; thus one writes ‘bin_PROGRAMS’ and not
‘bindir_PROGRAMS’.
Not every sort of object can be installed in every directory.
Automake will flag those attempts it finds in error (but see below how
to override the check if you need to). Automake will also diagnose
obvious misspellings in directory names.
Sometimes the standard directories—even as augmented by
Automake—are not enough. In particular it is sometimes useful, for
clarity, to install objects in a subdirectory of some predefined
directory. To this end, Automake allows you to extend the list of
possible installation directories. A given prefix (e.g., ‘zar’)
is valid if a variable of the same name with ‘dir’ appended is
defined (e.g., ‘zardir’).
For instance, the following snippet will install file.xml into
‘$(datadir)/xml’.
xmldir = $(datadir)/xml
xml_DATA = file.xml
This feature can also be used to override the sanity checks Automake
performs to diagnose suspicious directory/primary couples (in the
unlikely case that you need to omit these checks). For example,
Automake would error out on this input:
# Forbidden directory combinations, automake will error out on this.
pkglib_PROGRAMS = foo
doc_LIBRARIES = libquux.a
but it will succeed with this:
# Work around forbidden directory combinations. Do not use this
# without a very good reason!
my_execbindir = $(pkglibdir)
my_doclibdir = $(docdir)
my_execbin_PROGRAMS = foo
my_doclib_LIBRARIES = libquux.a
The ‘exec’ substring of the ‘my_execbindir’ variable lets
the files be installed at the right time (see The Two Parts of Install).
The special prefix ‘noinst_’ indicates that the objects in question
should be built but not installed at all. This is usually used for
objects required to build the rest of your package, for instance static
libraries (see Building a library), or helper scripts.
The special prefix ‘check_’ indicates that the objects in question
should not be built until the ‘make check’ command is run. Those
objects are not installed either.
The current primary names are ‘PROGRAMS’, ‘LIBRARIES’,
‘LTLIBRARIES’, ‘LISP’, ‘PYTHON’, ‘JAVA’,
‘SCRIPTS’, ‘DATA’, ‘HEADERS’, ‘MANS’, and
‘TEXINFOS’.
Some primaries also allow additional prefixes that control other
aspects of automake’s behavior. The currently defined prefixes
are ‘dist_’, ‘nodist_’, ‘nobase_’, and ‘notrans_’.
These prefixes are explained later (see Program and Library Variables)
(see Man Pages).
3.4 Staying below the command line length limit ¶
Traditionally, most unix-like systems have a length limitation for the
command line arguments and environment contents when creating new
processes (see for example
https://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/argmax/ for an
overview on this issue),
which of course also applies to commands spawned by make.
POSIX requires this limit to be at least 4096 bytes, and most modern
systems have quite high limits (or are unlimited).
In order to create portable Makefiles that do not trip over these
limits, it is necessary to keep the length of file lists bounded.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to do so fully transparently within
Automake, so your help may be needed. Typically, you can split long
file lists manually and use different installation directory names for
each list. For example,
data_DATA = file1 ... fileN fileN+1 ... file2N
may also be written as
data_DATA = file1 ... fileN
data2dir = $(datadir)
data2_DATA = fileN+1 ... file2N
and will cause Automake to treat the two lists separately during
make install. See The Two Parts of Install for choosing
directory names that will keep the ordering of the two parts of
installation Note that make dist may still only work on a host
with a higher length limit in this example.
Automake itself employs a couple of strategies to avoid long command
lines. For example, when ‘${srcdir}/’ is prepended to file
names, as can happen with above $(data_DATA) lists, it limits
the amount of arguments passed to external commands.
Unfortunately, some systems’ make commands may prepend
VPATH prefixes like ‘${srcdir}/’ to file names from the
source tree automatically (see Automatic
Rule Rewriting in The Autoconf Manual). In this case, the user
may have to switch to use GNU Make, or refrain from using VPATH builds,
in order to stay below the length limit.
For libraries and programs built from many sources, convenience archives
may be used as intermediates in order to limit the object list length
(see Libtool Convenience Libraries).
3.5 How derived variables are named ¶
Sometimes a Makefile variable name is derived from some text the
maintainer supplies. For instance, a program name listed in
‘_PROGRAMS’ is rewritten into the name of a ‘_SOURCES’
variable. In cases like this, Automake canonicalizes the text, so that
program names and the like do not have to follow Makefile variable naming
rules. All characters in the name except for letters, numbers, the
strudel (@), and the underscore are turned into underscores when making
variable references.
For example, if your program is named sniff-glue, the derived
variable name would be ‘sniff_glue_SOURCES’, not
‘sniff-glue_SOURCES’. Similarly the sources for a library named
libmumble++.a should be listed in the
‘libmumble___a_SOURCES’ variable.
The strudel is an addition, to make the use of Autoconf substitutions in
variable names less obfuscating.
3.6 Variables reserved for the user ¶
Some Makefile variables are reserved by the GNU Coding Standards
for the use of the “user”—the person building the package. For
instance, CFLAGS is one such variable.
Sometimes package developers are tempted to set user variables such as
CFLAGS because it appears to make their job easier. However,
the package itself should never set a user variable, particularly not
to include switches that are required for proper compilation of the
package. Since these variables are documented as being for the
package builder, that person rightfully expects to be able to override
any of these variables at build time.
To get around this problem, Automake introduces an automake-specific
shadow variable for each user flag variable. (Shadow variables are
not introduced for variables like CC, where they would make no
sense.) The shadow variable is named by prepending ‘AM_’ to the
user variable’s name. For instance, the shadow variable for
YFLAGS is AM_YFLAGS. The package maintainer—that is,
the author(s) of the Makefile.am and configure.ac
files—may adjust these shadow variables however necessary.
See Flag Variables Ordering, for more discussion about these
variables and how they interact with per-target variables.
3.7 Programs automake might require ¶
Automake sometimes requires helper programs so that the generated
Makefile can do its work properly. There are a fairly large
number of them, and we list them here.
Although all of these files are distributed and installed with
Automake, a couple of them are maintained separately. The Automake
copies are updated before each release, but we mention the original
source in case you need more recent versions.
ar-lib ¶This is a wrapper primarily for the Microsoft lib archiver, to make
it more POSIX-like.
compile ¶This is a wrapper for compilers that do not accept options -c
and -o at the same time. It is only used when absolutely
required. Such compilers are rare, with the Microsoft C/C++ Compiler
as the most notable exception. This wrapper also makes the following
common options available for that compiler, while performing file name
translation where needed: -I, -L, -l,
-Wl, and -Xlinker.
-
config.guess ¶
config.subThese two programs compute the canonical triplets for the given build,
host, or target architecture. These programs are updated regularly to
support new architectures and fix probes broken by changes in new
kernel versions. Each new release of Automake comes with up-to-date
copies of these programs. If your copy of Automake is getting old,
you are encouraged to fetch the latest versions of these files from
https://savannah.gnu.org/git/?group=config before making a
release.
depcomp ¶This program understands how to run a compiler so that it will
generate not only the desired output but also dependency information
that is then used by the automatic dependency tracking feature
(see Automatic dependency tracking).
install-sh ¶This is a replacement for the install program that works on
platforms where install is unavailable or unusable.
mdate-sh ¶This script is used to generate a version.texi file. It examines
a file and prints some date information about it.
missing ¶This wraps a number of programs that are typically only required by
maintainers. If the program in question doesn’t exist, or seems too old,
missing will print an informative warning before failing out,
to provide the user with more context and information.
mkinstalldirs ¶This script used to be a wrapper around ‘mkdir -p’, which is not
portable. Now we prefer to use ‘install-sh -d’ when configure
finds that ‘mkdir -p’ does not work, this makes one less script to
distribute.
For backward compatibility mkinstalldirs is still used and
distributed when automake finds it in a package. But it is no
longer installed automatically, and it should be safe to remove it.
py-compile ¶This is used to byte-compile Python scripts.
test-driver ¶This implements the default test driver offered by the parallel
testsuite harness.
texinfo.tex ¶When Texinfo sources are in the package, this file is required for
‘make dvi’, ‘make ps’ and ‘make pdf’. The latest
version can be downloaded from
https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/. A working TeX
distribution, or at least a tex program, is also required.
Furthermore, ‘make dist’ invokes ‘make dvi’, so these become
requirements for making a distribution with Texinfo sources.
ylwrap ¶This program wraps lex and yacc to rename their
output files. It also ensures that, for instance, multiple
yacc instances can be invoked in a single directory in
parallel.
7 Directories ¶
For simple projects that distribute all files in the same directory
it is enough to have a single Makefile.am that builds
everything in place.
In larger projects, it is common to organize files in different
directories, in a tree. For example, there could be a directory
for the program’s source, one for the testsuite, and one for the
documentation; or, for very large projects, there could be one
directory per program, per library or per module.
The traditional approach is to build these subdirectories recursively,
employing make recursion: each directory contains its
own Makefile, and when make is run from the top-level
directory, it enters each subdirectory in turn, and invokes there a
new make instance to build the directory’s contents.
Because this approach is very widespread, Automake offers built-in
support for it. However, it is worth noting that the use of make
recursion has its own serious issues and drawbacks, and that it’s
well possible to have packages with a multi directory layout that
make little or no use of such recursion (examples of such packages
are GNU Bison and GNU Automake itself); see also the An Alternative Approach to Subdirectories
section below.
7.1 Recursing subdirectories ¶
In packages using make recursion, the top level Makefile.am must
tell Automake which subdirectories are to be built. This is done via
the SUBDIRS variable.
The SUBDIRS variable holds a list of subdirectories in which
building of various sorts can occur. The rules for many targets
(e.g., all) in the generated Makefile will run commands
both locally and in all specified subdirectories. Note that the
directories listed in SUBDIRS are not required to contain
Makefile.ams; only Makefiles (after configuration).
This allows inclusion of libraries from packages that do not use
Automake (such as gettext; see also Third-Party Makefiles).
In packages that use subdirectories, the top-level Makefile.am is
often very short. For instance, here is the Makefile.am from the
GNU Hello distribution:
EXTRA_DIST = BUGS ChangeLog.O README-alpha
SUBDIRS = doc intl po src tests
When Automake invokes make in a subdirectory, it uses the value
of the MAKE variable. It passes the value of the variable
AM_MAKEFLAGS to the make invocation; this can be set in
Makefile.am if there are flags you must always pass to
make.
The directories mentioned in SUBDIRS are usually direct
children of the current directory, each subdirectory containing its
own Makefile.am with a SUBDIRS pointing to deeper
subdirectories. Automake can be used to construct packages of
arbitrary depth this way.
By default, Automake generates Makefiles that work depth-first
in postfix order: the subdirectories are built before the current
directory. However, it is possible to change this ordering. You can
do this by putting ‘.’ into SUBDIRS. For instance,
putting ‘.’ first will cause a prefix ordering of
directories.
Using
will cause lib/ to be built before src/, then the
current directory will be built, finally the test/ directory
will be built. It is customary to arrange test directories to be
built after everything else since they are meant to test what has
been constructed.
In addition to the built-in recursive targets defined by Automake
(all, check, etc.), the developer can also define his
own recursive targets. That is done by passing the names of such
targets as arguments to the M4 macro AM_EXTRA_RECURSIVE_TARGETS
in configure.ac. Automake generates rules to handle the
recursion for such targets; and the developer can define real actions
for them by defining corresponding -local targets.
% cat configure.ac
AC_INIT([pkg-name], [1.0])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AM_EXTRA_RECURSIVE_TARGETS([foo])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile sub/Makefile sub/src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
% cat Makefile.am
SUBDIRS = sub
foo-local:
@echo This will be run by "make foo".
% cat sub/Makefile.am
SUBDIRS = src
% cat sub/src/Makefile.am
foo-local:
@echo This too will be run by a "make foo" issued either in
@echo the 'sub/src/' directory, the 'sub/' directory, or the
@echo top-level directory.
7.2 Conditional Subdirectories ¶
It is possible to define the SUBDIRS variable conditionally if,
like in the case of GNU Inetutils, you want to only build a subset of
the entire package.
To illustrate how this works, let’s assume we have two directories,
src/ and opt/. src/ should always be built, but we
want to decide in configure whether opt/ will be built
or not. (For this example we will assume that opt/ should be
built when the variable ‘$want_opt’ was set to ‘yes’.)
Running make should thus recurse into src/ always, and
then maybe in opt/.
However ‘make dist’ should always recurse into both src/
and opt/, because opt/ should be distributed even if it
is not needed in the current configuration. This means
opt/Makefile should be created unconditionally.
There are two ways to set up a project like this. You can use Automake
conditionals (see Conditionals) or use Autoconf AC_SUBST
variables (see Setting Output
Variables in The Autoconf Manual). Using Automake
conditionals is the preferred solution. Before we illustrate these
two possibilities, let’s introduce DIST_SUBDIRS.
7.2.1 SUBDIRS vs. DIST_SUBDIRS ¶
Automake considers two sets of directories, defined by the variables
SUBDIRS and DIST_SUBDIRS.
SUBDIRS contains the subdirectories of the current directory
that must be built (see Recursing subdirectories). It must be defined
manually; Automake will never guess a directory is to be built. As we
will see in the next two sections, it is possible to define it
conditionally so that some directory will be omitted from the build.
DIST_SUBDIRS is used in rules that need to recurse in all
directories, even those that have been conditionally left out of the
build. Recall our example where we may not want to build subdirectory
opt/, but yet we want to distribute it? This is where
DIST_SUBDIRS comes into play: ‘opt’ may not appear in
SUBDIRS, but it must appear in DIST_SUBDIRS.
Precisely, DIST_SUBDIRS is used by ‘make
maintainer-clean’, ‘make distclean’ and ‘make dist’. All
other recursive rules use SUBDIRS.
If SUBDIRS is defined conditionally using Automake
conditionals, Automake will define DIST_SUBDIRS automatically
from the possible values of SUBDIRS in all conditions.
If SUBDIRS contains AC_SUBST variables,
DIST_SUBDIRS will not be defined correctly because Automake
does not know the possible values of these variables. In this case
DIST_SUBDIRS needs to be defined manually.
7.2.2 Subdirectories with AM_CONDITIONAL ¶
configure should output the Makefile for each directory
and define a condition into which opt/ should be built.
...
AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_OPT], [test "$want_opt" = yes])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile])
...
Then SUBDIRS can be defined in the top-level Makefile.am
as follows.
if COND_OPT
MAYBE_OPT = opt
endif
SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT)
As you can see, running make will rightly recurse into
src/ and maybe opt/.
As you can’t see, running ‘make dist’ will recurse into both
src/ and opt/ directories because ‘make dist’, unlike
‘make all’, doesn’t use the SUBDIRS variable. It uses the
DIST_SUBDIRS variable.
In this case Automake will define ‘DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt’
automatically because it knows that MAYBE_OPT can contain
‘opt’ in some condition.
7.2.3 Subdirectories with AC_SUBST ¶
Another possibility is to define MAYBE_OPT from
./configure using AC_SUBST:
...
if test "$want_opt" = yes; then
MAYBE_OPT=opt
else
MAYBE_OPT=
fi
AC_SUBST([MAYBE_OPT])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile])
...
In this case the top-level Makefile.am should look as follows.
SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT)
DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt
The drawback is that since Automake cannot guess what the possible
values of MAYBE_OPT are, it is necessary to define
DIST_SUBDIRS.
The semantics of DIST_SUBDIRS are often misunderstood by some
users that try to configure and build subdirectories
conditionally. Here by configuring we mean creating the
Makefile (it might also involve running a nested
configure script: this is a costly operation that explains
why people want to do it conditionally, but only the Makefile
is relevant to the discussion).
The above examples all assume that every Makefile is created,
even in directories that are not going to be built. The simple reason
is that we want ‘make dist’ to distribute even the directories
that are not being built (e.g., platform-dependent code), hence
make dist must recurse into the subdirectory, hence this
directory must be configured and appear in DIST_SUBDIRS.
Building packages that do not configure every subdirectory is a tricky
business, and we do not recommend it to the novice as it is easy to
produce an incomplete tarball by mistake. We will not discuss this
topic in depth here, yet for the adventurous here are a few rules to
remember.
SUBDIRS should always be a subset of DIST_SUBDIRS.
It makes little sense to have a directory in SUBDIRS that
is not in DIST_SUBDIRS. Think of the former as a way to tell
which directories listed in the latter should be built.
- Any directory listed in
DIST_SUBDIRS and SUBDIRS
must be configured.
That is, the Makefile must exist or the recursive make
rules will not be able to process the directory.
- Any configured directory must be listed in
DIST_SUBDIRS.
This is so the cleaning rules remove the generated Makefiles.
It would be correct to see DIST_SUBDIRS as a variable that
lists all the directories that have been configured.
|
In order to prevent recursion in some unconfigured directory you
must therefore ensure that this directory does not appear in
DIST_SUBDIRS (and SUBDIRS). For instance, if you define
SUBDIRS conditionally using AC_SUBST and do not define
DIST_SUBDIRS explicitly, it will be default to
‘$(SUBDIRS)’; another possibility is to force DIST_SUBDIRS
= $(SUBDIRS).
Of course, directories that are omitted from DIST_SUBDIRS will
not be distributed unless you make other arrangements for this to
happen (for instance, always running ‘make dist’ in a
configuration where all directories are known to appear in
DIST_SUBDIRS; or writing a dist-hook target to
distribute these directories).
In a few packages, unconfigured directories are not even expected to
be distributed. Although these packages do not require the
aforementioned extra arrangements, there is another pitfall. If the
name of a directory appears in SUBDIRS or DIST_SUBDIRS,
automake will make sure the directory exists. Consequently
automake cannot be run on such a distribution when one
directory has been omitted. One way to avoid this check is to use the
AC_SUBST method to declare conditional directories; since
automake does not know the values of AC_SUBST
variables it cannot ensure the corresponding directory exists.
7.3 An Alternative Approach to Subdirectories ¶
If you’ve ever read Peter Miller’s excellent paper, Recursive
Make Considered Harmful, the preceding sections on the use of make
recursion will probably come as unwelcome advice. For those who
haven’t read the paper, Miller’s main thesis is that recursive
make invocations are both slow and error-prone.
Automake is intended to have sufficient cross-directory support to
enable you to write a single Makefile.am for a complex
multi-directory package. (If it seems to be lacking, please report
the issue as usual.)
By default an installable file specified in a subdirectory will have its
directory name stripped before installation. For instance, in this
example, the header file will be installed as
$(includedir)/stdio.h:
include_HEADERS = inc/stdio.h
However, the ‘nobase_’ prefix can be used to circumvent this path
stripping. In this example, the header file will be installed as
$(includedir)/sys/types.h:
nobase_include_HEADERS = sys/types.h
‘nobase_’ should be specified first when used in conjunction with
either ‘dist_’ or ‘nodist_’ (see Fine-grained Distribution Control). For instance:
nobase_dist_pkgdata_DATA = images/vortex.pgm sounds/whirl.ogg
Finally, note that a variable using the ‘nobase_’ prefix can
often be replaced by several variables, one for each destination
directory (see The Uniform Naming Scheme). For instance, the last example could be
rewritten as follows:
imagesdir = $(pkgdatadir)/images
soundsdir = $(pkgdatadir)/sounds
dist_images_DATA = images/vortex.pgm
dist_sounds_DATA = sounds/whirl.ogg
This latter syntax makes it possible to change one destination
directory without changing the layout of the source tree.
Currently, ‘nobase_*_LTLIBRARIES’ are the only exception to this
rule, in that there is no particular installation order guarantee for
an otherwise equivalent set of variables without ‘nobase_’ prefix.
7.4 Nesting Packages ¶
In the GNU Build System, packages can be nested to arbitrary depth.
This means that a package can embed other packages with their own
configure, Makefiles, etc.
These other packages should just appear as subdirectories of their
parent package. They must be listed in SUBDIRS like other
ordinary directories. However the subpackage’s Makefiles
should be output by its own configure script, not by the
parent’s configure. This is achieved using the
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS Autoconf macro (see Configuring Other Packages in Subdirectories in The Autoconf Manual).
Here is an example package for an arm program that links with
a hand library that is a nested package in subdirectory
hand/.
arm’s configure.ac:
AC_INIT([arm], [1.0])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
# Call hand's ./configure script recursively.
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS([hand])
AC_OUTPUT
arm’s Makefile.am:
# Build the library in the hand subdirectory first.
SUBDIRS = hand
# Include hand's header when compiling this directory.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir)/hand
bin_PROGRAMS = arm
arm_SOURCES = arm.c
# link with the hand library.
arm_LDADD = hand/libhand.a
Now here is hand’s hand/configure.ac:
AC_INIT([hand], [1.2])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_CC
AM_PROG_AR
AC_PROG_RANLIB
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
and its hand/Makefile.am:
lib_LIBRARIES = libhand.a
libhand_a_SOURCES = hand.c
When ‘make dist’ is run from the top-level directory it will
create an archive arm-1.0.tar.gz that contains the arm
code as well as the hand subdirectory. This package can be
built and installed like any ordinary package, with the usual
‘./configure && make && make install’ sequence (the hand
subpackage will be built and installed by the process).
When ‘make dist’ is run from the hand directory, it will create a
self-contained hand-1.2.tar.gz archive. So although it appears
to be embedded in another package, it can still be used separately.
The purpose of the ‘AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])’ instruction is to
force Automake and Autoconf to search for auxiliary scripts in the
current directory. For instance, this means that there will be two
copies of install-sh: one in the top-level of the arm
package, and another one in the hand/ subdirectory for the
hand package.
The historical default is to search for these auxiliary scripts in the
parent directory and the grandparent directory. So if the
‘AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])’ line was removed from
hand/configure.ac, that subpackage would share the auxiliary
script of the arm package. This may look like a gain in size
(a few kilobytes), but more importantly, it is a loss of modularity as
the hand subpackage is no longer self-contained (‘make
dist’ in the subdirectory will not work anymore).
Packages that do not use Automake need more work to be integrated this
way. See Third-Party Makefiles.
8 Building Programs and Libraries ¶
A large part of Automake’s functionality is dedicated to making it easy
to build programs and libraries.
8.1 Building a program ¶
In order to build a program, you need to tell Automake which sources
are part of it, and which libraries it should be linked with.
This section also covers conditional compilation of sources or
programs. Most of the comments about these also apply to libraries
(see Building a library) and libtool libraries (see Building a Shared Library).
8.1.1 Defining program sources ¶
In a directory containing source that gets built into a program (as
opposed to a library or a script), the PROGRAMS primary is used.
Programs can be installed in bindir, sbindir,
libexecdir, pkglibexecdir, or not at all
(noinst_). They can also be built only for ‘make check’, in
which case the prefix is ‘check_’.
For instance:
In this simple case, the resulting Makefile.in will contain code
to generate a program named hello.
Associated with each program are several assisting variables that are
named after the program. These variables are all optional, and have
reasonable defaults. Each variable, its use, and default is spelled out
below; we use the “hello” example throughout.
The variable hello_SOURCES is used to specify which source files
get built into an executable:
hello_SOURCES = hello.c version.c getopt.c getopt1.c getopt.h system.h
This causes each mentioned .c file to be compiled into the
corresponding .o. Then all are linked to produce hello.
If hello_SOURCES is not specified, then it defaults to the single
file hello.c (see Default _SOURCES).
Multiple programs can be built in a single directory. Multiple programs
can share a single source file, which must be listed in each
_SOURCES definition.
Header files listed in a _SOURCES definition will be included in
the distribution but otherwise ignored. In case it isn’t obvious, you
should not include the header file generated by configure in a
_SOURCES variable; this file should not be distributed. Lex
(.l) and Yacc (.y) files can also be listed; see Yacc and Lex support.
8.1.2 Linking the program ¶
If you need to link against libraries that are not found by
configure, you can use LDADD to do so. This variable is
used to specify additional objects or libraries to link with; it is
inappropriate for specifying specific linker flags; you should use
AM_LDFLAGS for this purpose.
Sometimes, multiple programs are built in one directory but do not share
the same link-time requirements. In this case, you can use the
prog_LDADD variable (where prog is the name of the
program as it appears in some _PROGRAMS variable, and usually
written in lowercase) to override LDADD. If this variable exists
for a given program, then that program is not linked using LDADD.
For instance, in GNU cpio, pax, cpio and mt are
linked against the library libcpio.a. However, rmt is
built in the same directory, and has no such link requirement. Also,
mt and rmt are only built on certain architectures. Here
is what cpio’s src/Makefile.am looks like (abridged):
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT)
libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT)
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
LDADD = ../lib/libcpio.a $(INTLLIBS)
rmt_LDADD =
cpio_SOURCES = ...
pax_SOURCES = ...
mt_SOURCES = ...
rmt_SOURCES = ...
prog_LDADD is inappropriate for passing program-specific
linker flags (except for -l, -L, -dlopen and
-dlpreopen). So, use the prog_LDFLAGS variable for
this purpose.
It is also occasionally useful to have a program depend on some other
target that is not in fact part of that program. This can be done
using either the prog_DEPENDENCIES or the
EXTRA_prog_DEPENDENCIES variable. Each program depends on
the contents both variables, but no further interpretation is done.
Since these dependencies are associated to the link rule used to
create the programs they should normally list files used by the link
command. That is *.$(OBJEXT), *.a, or *.la
files. In rare cases you may need to add other kinds of files such as
linker scripts, but listing a source file in
_DEPENDENCIES is wrong. If some source file needs to be built
before all the components of a program are built, consider using the
BUILT_SOURCES variable instead (see Built Sources).
If prog_DEPENDENCIES is not supplied, it is computed by
Automake. The automatically-assigned value is the contents of
prog_LDADD, with most configure substitutions, -l,
-L, -dlopen and -dlpreopen options removed. The
configure substitutions that are left in are only ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and
‘$(ALLOCA)’; these are left because it is known that they will not
cause an invalid value for prog_DEPENDENCIES to be
generated.
Conditional compilation of sources shows a situation where _DEPENDENCIES
may be used.
The EXTRA_prog_DEPENDENCIES may be useful for cases where
you merely want to augment the automake-generated
prog_DEPENDENCIES rather than replacing it.
We recommend that you avoid using -l options in LDADD
or prog_LDADD when referring to libraries built by your
package. Instead, write the file name of the library explicitly as in
the above cpio example. Use -l only to list
third-party libraries. If you follow this rule, the default value of
prog_DEPENDENCIES will list all your local libraries and
omit the other ones.
8.1.3 Conditional compilation of sources ¶
You can’t put a configure substitution (e.g., ‘@FOO@’ or
‘$(FOO)’ where FOO is defined via AC_SUBST) into a
_SOURCES variable. The reason for this is a bit hard to
explain, but suffice to say that it simply won’t work. Automake will
give an error if you try to do this.
Fortunately there are two other ways to achieve the same result. One is
to use configure substitutions in _LDADD variables, the other is
to use an Automake conditional.
Conditional Compilation using _LDADD Substitutions ¶
Automake must know all the source files that could possibly go into a
program, even if not all the files are built in every circumstance. Any
files that are only conditionally built should be listed in the
appropriate EXTRA_ variable. For instance, if
hello-linux.c or hello-generic.c were conditionally included
in hello, the Makefile.am would contain:
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c
EXTRA_hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c
hello_LDADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
hello_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
You can then set up the ‘$(HELLO_SYSTEM)’ substitution from
configure.ac:
...
case $host in
*linux*) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-linux.$(OBJEXT)' ;;
*) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-generic.$(OBJEXT)' ;;
esac
AC_SUBST([HELLO_SYSTEM])
...
In this case, the variable HELLO_SYSTEM should be replaced by
either hello-linux.o or hello-generic.o, and added to
both hello_DEPENDENCIES and hello_LDADD in order to be
built and linked in.
Conditional Compilation using Automake Conditionals ¶
An often simpler way to compile source files conditionally is to use
Automake conditionals. For instance, you could use this
Makefile.am construct to build the same hello example:
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
if LINUX
hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-common.c
else
hello_SOURCES = hello-generic.c hello-common.c
endif
In this case, configure.ac should set up the LINUX
conditional using AM_CONDITIONAL (see Conditionals).
When using conditionals like this you don’t need to use the
EXTRA_ variable, because Automake will examine the contents of
each variable to construct the complete list of source files.
If your program uses a lot of files, you will probably prefer a
conditional ‘+=’.
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c
if LINUX
hello_SOURCES += hello-linux.c
else
hello_SOURCES += hello-generic.c
endif
8.1.4 Conditional compilation of programs ¶
Sometimes it is useful to determine the programs that are to be built
at configure time. For instance, GNU cpio only builds
mt and rmt under special circumstances. The means to
achieve conditional compilation of programs are the same you can use
to compile source files conditionally: substitutions or conditionals.
In this case, you must notify Automake of all the programs that can
possibly be built, but at the same time cause the generated
Makefile.in to use the programs specified by configure.
This is done by having configure substitute values into each
_PROGRAMS definition, while listing all optionally built programs
in EXTRA_PROGRAMS.
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT)
libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT)
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
As explained in Support for executable extensions, Automake will rewrite
bin_PROGRAMS, libexec_PROGRAMS, and
EXTRA_PROGRAMS, appending ‘$(EXEEXT)’ to each binary.
Obviously it cannot rewrite values obtained at run-time through
configure substitutions, therefore you should take care of
appending ‘$(EXEEXT)’ yourself, as in ‘AC_SUBST([MT],
['mt${EXEEXT}'])’.
Conditional Programs using Automake Conditionals ¶
You can also use Automake conditionals (see Conditionals) to
select programs to be built. In this case you don’t have to worry
about ‘$(EXEEXT)’ or EXTRA_PROGRAMS.
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax
if WANT_MT
bin_PROGRAMS += mt
endif
if WANT_RMT
libexec_PROGRAMS = rmt
endif
8.2 Building a library ¶
Building a library is much like building a program. In this case, the
name of the primary is LIBRARIES. Libraries can be installed in
libdir or pkglibdir.
See Building a Shared Library, for information on how to build shared
libraries using Libtool and the LTLIBRARIES primary.
Each _LIBRARIES variable is a list of the libraries to be built.
For instance, to create a library named libcpio.a, but not install
it, you would write:
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a
libcpio_a_SOURCES = ...
The sources that go into a library are determined exactly as they are
for programs, via the _SOURCES variables. Note that the library
name is canonicalized (see How derived variables are named), so the _SOURCES
variable corresponding to libcpio.a is ‘libcpio_a_SOURCES’,
not ‘libcpio.a_SOURCES’.
Extra objects can be added to a library using the
library_LIBADD variable. This should be used for objects
determined by configure. Again from cpio:
libcpio_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
In addition, sources for extra objects that will not exist until
configure-time must be added to the BUILT_SOURCES variable
(see Built Sources).
Building a static library is done by compiling all object files, then
by invoking ‘$(AR) $(ARFLAGS)’ followed by the name of the
library and the list of objects, and finally by calling
‘$(RANLIB)’ on that library. You should call
AC_PROG_RANLIB from your configure.ac to define
RANLIB (Automake will complain otherwise). You should also
call AM_PROG_AR to define AR, in order to support unusual
archivers such as Microsoft lib. ARFLAGS will default to
cr; you can override this variable by setting it in your
Makefile.am or by AC_SUBSTing it from your
configure.ac. You can override the AR variable by
defining a per-library maude_AR variable (see Program and Library Variables).
Be careful when selecting library components conditionally. Because
building an empty library is not portable, you should ensure that any
library always contains at least one object.
To use a static library when building a program, add it to
LDADD for this program. In the following example, the program
cpio is statically linked with the library libcpio.a.
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a
libcpio_a_SOURCES = ...
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio
cpio_SOURCES = cpio.c ...
cpio_LDADD = libcpio.a
8.3 Building a Shared Library ¶
Building shared libraries portably is a relatively complex matter.
For this reason, GNU Libtool (see Introduction in The
Libtool Manual) was created to help build shared libraries in a
platform-independent way.
Sometimes you want to build Libtool libraries that should not be
installed. These are called libtool convenience libraries and
are typically used to encapsulate many sublibraries, later gathered
into one big installed library.
Libtool convenience libraries are declared by directory-less variables
such as noinst_LTLIBRARIES, check_LTLIBRARIES, or even
EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES. Unlike installed Libtool libraries they do
not need an -rpath flag at link time (this is in fact the only
difference).
Convenience libraries listed in noinst_LTLIBRARIES are always
built. Those listed in check_LTLIBRARIES are built only upon
‘make check’. Finally, libraries listed in
EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES are never built explicitly: Automake outputs
rules to build them, but if the library does not appear as a Makefile
dependency anywhere it won’t be built (this is why
EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES is used for conditional compilation).
Here is a sample setup merging Libtool convenience libraries from
subdirectories into one main libtop.la library.
# -- Top-level Makefile.am --
SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 ...
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la
libtop_la_SOURCES =
libtop_la_LIBADD = \
sub1/libsub1.la \
sub2/libsub2.la \
...
# -- sub1/Makefile.am --
noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub1.la
libsub1_la_SOURCES = ...
# -- sub2/Makefile.am --
# showing nested convenience libraries
SUBDIRS = sub2.1 sub2.2 ...
noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub2.la
libsub2_la_SOURCES =
libsub2_la_LIBADD = \
sub21/libsub21.la \
sub22/libsub22.la \
...
When using such a setup, beware that automake will assume
libtop.la is to be linked with the C linker. This is because
libtop_la_SOURCES is empty, so automake picks C as
default language. If libtop_la_SOURCES was not empty,
automake would select the linker as explained in How the Linker is Chosen.
If one of the sublibraries contains non-C source, it is important that
the appropriate linker be chosen. One way to achieve this is to
pretend that there is such a non-C file among the sources of the
library, thus forcing automake to select the appropriate
linker. Here is the top-level Makefile of our example updated
to force C++ linking.
SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 ...
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la
libtop_la_SOURCES =
# Dummy C++ source to cause C++ linking.
nodist_EXTRA_libtop_la_SOURCES = dummy.cxx
libtop_la_LIBADD = \
sub1/libsub1.la \
sub2/libsub2.la \
...
‘EXTRA_*_SOURCES’ variables are used to keep track of source
files that might be compiled (this is mostly useful when doing
conditional compilation using AC_SUBST; see Libtool Libraries with Conditional Sources), and the nodist_ prefix means the listed
sources are not to be distributed (see Program and Library Variables). In effect the file dummy.cxx does not need to
exist in the source tree. Of course if you have some real source file
to list in libtop_la_SOURCES there is no point in cheating with
nodist_EXTRA_libtop_la_SOURCES.
8.3.8 LTLIBOBJS and LTALLOCA ¶
Where an ordinary library might include ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ or
‘$(ALLOCA)’ (see Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA), a libtool library must use
‘$(LTLIBOBJS)’ or ‘$(LTALLOCA)’. This is required because
the object files that libtool operates on do not necessarily end in
.o.
Nowadays, the computation of LTLIBOBJS from LIBOBJS is
performed automatically by Autoconf (see AC_LIBOBJ vs. LIBOBJS in The Autoconf Manual).
8.3.9.1 Error: ‘required file './ltmain.sh' not found’—libtoolize needed ¶
Libtool comes with a tool called libtoolize that will
install Libtool’s supporting files into a package. Running this
command will install ltmain.sh. You should execute it before
aclocal and automake.
People upgrading old packages to newer autotools are likely to face
this issue because older Automake versions used to call
libtoolize. Therefore old build scripts do not call
libtoolize.
Since Automake 1.6, it has been decided that running
libtoolize was not Automake’s business. Instead, that
functionality has been moved into the autoreconf command
(see Using autoreconf in The Autoconf Manual). The autoreconf command saves you
from having to figure out which infrastructure scripts to run in what
order. Augmenting existing bootstrap or autogen.sh
scripts with a call to autoreconf should also free you from
any similar incompatible change in the future.
This error message results from Automake seeing Libtool being used in
Makefile.am, but the LIBTOOL variable is not defined.
There are two common reasons for this. First, LT_INIT is
missing from configure.ac; it can simply be added.
The second reason is more complicated: if you’ve installed Automake
under a separate prefix, Automake cannot know where to find the
LT_INIT macro. Automake looks in the aclocal.m4 file,
which is generated by the aclocal command (see Auto-generating aclocal.m4: Invoking aclocal). But since the default search paths for aclocal
are based on where it is installed (see Macro Search Path), if
Automake is installed in one place (e.g., because it’s for a test
release), and Libtool in another (e.g., for general system use),
libtool.m4 won’t be found by aclocal and thus
LT_INIT won’t be defined.
The best solution is to run libtoolize in the tree that is
using the separately-installed Automake. That will copy
libtool.m4 and the other Libtool M4 files and scripts into your
package, including ltmain.sh (see previous section). If you
have subpackages that use Libtool independently, you’ll need to run
libtoolize in each of them. See Invoking libtoolize in The Libtool Manual.
The libtoolize output suggests using an m4 subdirectory:
libtoolize: Consider adding 'AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS([m4])' to configure.ac,
libtoolize: and rerunning libtoolize and aclocal.
libtoolize: Consider adding '-I m4' to ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS in Makefile.am.
For purposes of Libtool and Automake, however, an m4 subdirectory is
required, not just something to consider. Without having the Libtool
M4 files in the local package, aclocal will (frustratingly)
report the same ‘Libtool library used but ...’ error. (The name
of the subdirectory for the M4 files can be anything, but ‘m4’ is
by far the most common convention.)
Here is a concrete example. Suppose you’ve installed a test
release of Automake (thank you) with --prefix=/tmp/amtest, and
thus put /tmp/amtest/bin first in your PATH. You already
have Libtool installed under /usr/local/gnu. Then, your
Libtool-using package will fail to bootstrap, with the error:
Makefile.am:161: error: Libtool library used but 'LIBTOOL' is undefined
...
You can resolve this by ensuring your configure.ac includes
these lines (after the AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE):
AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS([m4])
AM_PROG_AR
LT_INIT
and then running:
To summarize, the libtoolize (from the system directory)
copies libtool.m4 and the other Libtool support files into your
package. The subsequent autoreconf then runs
aclocal (under the test prefix) which can now find
LT_INIT.
(For more discussion of this, see https://bugs.gnu.org/71847.
8.4 Program and Library Variables ¶
Associated with each program is a collection of variables that can be
used to modify how that program is built. There is a similar list of
such variables for each library. The canonical name of the program (or
library) is used as a base for naming these variables.
In the list below, we use the name “maude” to refer to the program or
library. In your Makefile.am you would replace this with the
canonical name of your program. This list also refers to “maude” as a
program, but in general the same rules apply for both static and dynamic
libraries; the documentation below notes situations where programs and
libraries differ.
maude_SOURCES ¶This variable, if it exists, lists all the source files that are
compiled to build the program. These files are added to the
distribution by default. When building the program, Automake will cause
each source file to be compiled to a single .o file (or
.lo when using Libtool). Normally these object files are named
after the source file, but other factors can change this. If a file in
the _SOURCES variable has an unrecognized extension, Automake
will do one of two things with it. If a suffix rule exists for turning
files with the unrecognized extension into .o files, then
automake will treat this file as it will any other source file
(see Support for Other Languages). Otherwise, the file will be
ignored as though it were a header file.
The prefixes dist_ and nodist_ can be used to control
whether files listed in a _SOURCES variable are distributed.
dist_ is redundant, as sources are distributed by default, but it
can be specified for clarity if desired.
It is possible to have both dist_ and nodist_ variants of
a given _SOURCES variable at once; this lets you easily
distribute some files and not others, for instance:
nodist_maude_SOURCES = nodist.c
dist_maude_SOURCES = dist-me.c
By default the output file (on Unix systems, the .o file) will
be put into the current build directory. However, if the option
subdir-objects is in effect in the current directory then the
.o file will be put into the subdirectory named after the
source file. For instance, with subdir-objects enabled,
sub/dir/file.c will be compiled to sub/dir/file.o. Some
projects prefer or require this mode of operation. You can specify
subdir-objects in AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS (see Changing Automake’s Behavior).
When subdir-objects is specified, and source files which lie
outside the current directory tree are nevertheless specified, as in
foo_SOURCES = ../lib/other.c, Automake will still remove
../lib/other.o, in fact, ../lib/*.o (e.g., at make
clean, even though it is arguably wrong for one subdirectory to
clean in a sibling. This may or may not be changed in the future.
EXTRA_maude_SOURCES ¶Automake needs to know the list of files you intend to compile
statically. For one thing, this is the only way Automake has of
knowing what sort of language support a given Makefile.in
requires. (There are other, more obscure reasons for
this limitation as well.) This means that, for example, you can’t put a
configure substitution like ‘@my_sources@’ into a ‘_SOURCES’
variable. If you intend to conditionally compile source files and use
configure to substitute the appropriate object names into, e.g.,
_LDADD (see below), then you should list the corresponding source
files in the EXTRA_ variable.
This variable also supports dist_ and nodist_ prefixes.
For instance, nodist_EXTRA_maude_SOURCES would list extra
sources that may need to be built, but should not be distributed.
maude_AR ¶A static library is created by default by invoking ‘$(AR)
$(ARFLAGS)’ followed by the name of the library and then the objects
being put into the library. You can override this by setting the
_AR variable. This is usually used with C++; some C++
compilers require a special invocation in order to instantiate all the
templates that should go into a library. For instance, the SGI C++
compiler likes this variable set like so:
libmaude_a_AR = $(CXX) -ar -o
maude_RANLIB ¶A static library’s index is updated by default by invoking ‘$(RANLIB)’
followed by the name of the library. You can override this by setting the
_RANLIB variable.
maude_LIBADD ¶Extra objects can be added to a library using the _LIBADD
variable. For instance, this should be used for objects determined by
configure (see Building a library).
In the case of Libtool libraries, maude_LIBADD can also refer
to other Libtool libraries.
maude_LDADD ¶Extra objects (*.$(OBJEXT)) and libraries (*.a,
*.la) can be added to a program by listing them in the
_LDADD variable. For instance, this should be used for objects
determined by configure (see Linking the program).
_LDADD and _LIBADD are inappropriate for passing
program-specific linker flags (except for -l, -L,
-dlopen and -dlpreopen). Use the _LDFLAGS variable
for this purpose.
For instance, if your configure.ac uses AC_PATH_XTRA, you
could link your program against the X libraries like so:
maude_LDADD = $(X_PRE_LIBS) $(X_LIBS) $(X_EXTRA_LIBS)
We recommend that you use -l and -L only when
referring to third-party libraries, and give the explicit file names
of any library built by your package. Doing so will ensure that
maude_DEPENDENCIES (see below) is correctly defined by default.
maude_LDFLAGS ¶This variable is used to pass extra flags to the link step of a program
or a shared library. It overrides the AM_LDFLAGS variable,
even if it is defined only in a false branch of a conditional; in
other words, if prog_LDFLAGS is defined at all,
AM_LDFLAGS will not be used.
maude_LIBTOOLFLAGS ¶This variable is used to pass extra options to libtool.
It overrides the AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS variable.
These options are output before libtool’s --mode=mode
option, so they should not be mode-specific options (those belong to
the compiler or linker flags). See _LIBADD, _LDFLAGS, and _LIBTOOLFLAGS.
maude_DEPENDENCIES ¶EXTRA_maude_DEPENDENCIES ¶It is also occasionally useful to have a target (program or library)
depend on some other file that is not in fact part of that target.
This can be done using the _DEPENDENCIES variable. Each
target depends on the contents of such a variable, but no further
interpretation is done.
Since these dependencies are associated with the link rule used to
create the programs they should normally list files used by the link
command. That is *.$(OBJEXT), *.a, or *.la files
for programs; *.lo and *.la files for Libtool libraries;
and *.$(OBJEXT) files for static libraries. In rare cases you
may need to add other kinds of files such as linker scripts, but
listing a source file in _DEPENDENCIES is wrong. If
some source file needs to be built before all the components of a
program are built, consider using the BUILT_SOURCES variable
(see Built Sources).
If _DEPENDENCIES is not supplied, it is computed by Automake.
The automatically-assigned value is the contents of _LDADD or
_LIBADD, with most configure substitutions, -l, -L,
-dlopen and -dlpreopen options removed. The configure
substitutions that are left in are only ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and
‘$(ALLOCA)’; these are left because it is known that they will not
cause an invalid value for _DEPENDENCIES to be generated.
_DEPENDENCIES is more likely used to perform conditional
compilation using an AC_SUBST variable that contains a list of
objects. See Conditional compilation of sources, and Libtool Libraries with Conditional Sources.
The EXTRA_*_DEPENDENCIES variable may be useful for cases where
you merely want to augment the automake-generated
_DEPENDENCIES variable rather than replacing it.
maude_LINK ¶You can override the linker on a per-program basis. By default the
linker is chosen according to the languages used by the program. For
instance, a program that includes C++ source code would use the C++
compiler to link. The _LINK variable must hold the name of a
command that can be passed all the .o file names and libraries
to link against as arguments. Note that the name of the underlying
program is not passed to _LINK; typically one uses
‘$@’:
maude_LINK = $(CCLD) -magic -o $@
If a _LINK variable is not supplied, it may still be generated
and used by Automake due to the use of per-target link flags such as
_CFLAGS, _LDFLAGS or _LIBTOOLFLAGS, in cases where
they apply.
If the variable AM_V_*_LINK exists, it is used to output a
status line in silent mode; otherwise, AM_V_GEN is used.
maude_CCASFLAGS ¶maude_CFLAGS ¶maude_CPPFLAGS ¶maude_CXXFLAGS ¶maude_FFLAGS ¶maude_GCJFLAGS ¶maude_LFLAGS ¶maude_OBJCFLAGS ¶maude_OBJCXXFLAGS ¶maude_RFLAGS ¶maude_UPCFLAGS ¶maude_YFLAGS ¶-
Automake allows you to set compilation flags on a per-program (or
per-library) basis. A single source file can be included in several
programs, and it will potentially be compiled with different flags for
each program. This works for any language directly supported by
Automake. These per-target compilation flags are
‘_CCASFLAGS’,
‘_CFLAGS’,
‘_CPPFLAGS’,
‘_CXXFLAGS’,
‘_FFLAGS’,
‘_GCJFLAGS’,
‘_LFLAGS’,
‘_OBJCFLAGS’,
‘_OBJCXXFLAGS’,
‘_RFLAGS’,
‘_UPCFLAGS’, and
‘_YFLAGS’.
When using a per-target compilation flag, Automake will choose a
different name for the intermediate object files. Ordinarily a file
like sample.c will be compiled to produce sample.o.
However, if the program’s _CFLAGS variable is set, then the
object file will be named, for instance, maude-sample.o. (See
also Why are object files sometimes renamed?.)
In compilations with per-target flags, the ordinary ‘AM_’ form of
the flags variable is not automatically included in the
compilation (however, the user form of the variable is included).
So for instance, if you want the hypothetical maude compilations
to also use the value of AM_CFLAGS, you would need to write:
maude_CFLAGS = ... your flags ... $(AM_CFLAGS)
See Flag Variables Ordering, for more discussion about the
interaction between user variables, ‘AM_’ shadow variables, and
per-target variables.
maude_SHORTNAME ¶On some platforms the allowable file names are very short. In order to
support these systems and per-target compilation flags at the same
time, Automake allows you to set a “short name” that will influence
how intermediate object files are named. For instance, in the following
example,
bin_PROGRAMS = maude
maude_CPPFLAGS = -DSOMEFLAG
maude_SHORTNAME = m
maude_SOURCES = sample.c ...
the object file would be named m-sample.o rather than
maude-sample.o.
This facility is rarely needed in practice,
and we recommend avoiding it until you find it is required.
8.5 Default _SOURCES ¶
_SOURCES variables are used to specify source files of programs
(see Building a program), libraries (see Building a library), and Libtool
libraries (see Building a Shared Library).
When no such variable is specified for a target, Automake will define
one itself. The default is to compile a single C file whose base name
is the name of the target itself, with any extension replaced by
AM_DEFAULT_SOURCE_EXT, which defaults to .c.
For example if you have the following somewhere in your
Makefile.am with no corresponding libfoo_a_SOURCES:
lib_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a sub/libc++.a
libfoo.a will be built using a default source file named
libfoo.c, and sub/libc++.a will be built from
sub/libc++.c. (In older versions sub/libc++.a
would be built from sub_libc___a.c, i.e., the default source
was the canonicalized name of the target, with .c appended.
We believe the new behavior is more sensible, but for backward
compatibility automake will use the old name if a file or a rule
with that name exists and AM_DEFAULT_SOURCE_EXT is not used.)
Default sources are mainly useful in test suites, when building many
test programs each from a single source. For instance, in
check_PROGRAMS = test1 test2 test3
AM_DEFAULT_SOURCE_EXT = .cpp
test1, test2, and test3 will be built
from test1.cpp, test2.cpp, and test3.cpp.
Without the last line, they will be built from test1.c,
test2.c, and test3.c.
Another case where this is convenient is building many Libtool modules
(modulen.la), each defined in its own file
(modulen.c).
AM_LDFLAGS = -module
lib_LTLIBRARIES = module1.la module2.la module3.la
Finally, there is one situation where this default source computation
needs to be avoided: when a target should not be built from sources.
We already saw such an example in Building true and false; this happens when all
the constituents of a target have already been compiled and just need
to be combined using a _LDADD variable. Then it is necessary
to define an empty _SOURCES variable, so that automake
does not compute a default.
bin_PROGRAMS = target
target_SOURCES =
target_LDADD = libmain.a libmisc.a
8.6 Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA ¶
The ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and ‘$(ALLOCA)’ variables list object
files that should be compiled into the project to provide an
implementation for functions that are missing or broken on the host
system. They are substituted by configure.
These variables are defined by Autoconf macros such as
AC_LIBOBJ, AC_REPLACE_FUNCS (see Generic Function Checks in The Autoconf Manual), or
AC_FUNC_ALLOCA (see Particular
Function Checks in The Autoconf Manual). Many other Autoconf
macros call AC_LIBOBJ or AC_REPLACE_FUNCS to
populate ‘$(LIBOBJS)’.
Using these variables is very similar to doing conditional compilation
using AC_SUBST variables, as described in Conditional compilation of sources. That is, when building a program, ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and
‘$(ALLOCA)’ should be added to the associated ‘*_LDADD’
variable, or to the ‘*_LIBADD’ variable when building a library.
However there is no need to list the corresponding sources in
‘EXTRA_*_SOURCES’ nor to define ‘*_DEPENDENCIES’. Automake
automatically adds ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and ‘$(ALLOCA)’ to the
dependencies, and it will discover the list of corresponding source
files automatically (by tracing the invocations of the
AC_LIBSOURCE Autoconf macros). If you have already defined
‘*_DEPENDENCIES’ explicitly for an unrelated reason, then you
either need to add these variables manually, or use
‘EXTRA_*_DEPENDENCIES’ instead of ‘*_DEPENDENCIES’.
These variables are usually used to build a portability library that
is linked with all the programs of the project. We now review a
sample setup. First, configure.ac contains some checks that
affect either LIBOBJS or ALLOCA.
# configure.ac
...
AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR([lib])
...
AC_FUNC_MALLOC dnl May add malloc.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_FUNC_MEMCMP dnl May add memcmp.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_REPLACE_FUNCS([strdup]) dnl May add strdup.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_FUNC_ALLOCA dnl May add alloca.$(OBJEXT) to ALLOCA
...
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
lib/Makefile
src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
The AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR tells Autoconf that the source files
of these object files are to be found in the lib/ directory.
Automake can also use this information, otherwise it expects the
source files are to be in the directory where the ‘$(LIBOBJS)’
and ‘$(ALLOCA)’ variables are used.
The lib/ directory should therefore contain malloc.c,
memcmp.c, strdup.c, alloca.c. Here is its
Makefile.am:
# lib/Makefile.am
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcompat.a
libcompat_a_SOURCES =
libcompat_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
The library can have any name, of course, and anyway it is not going
to be installed: it just holds the replacement versions of the missing
or broken functions so we can later link them in. Many projects
also include extra functions, specific to the project, in that
library: they are simply added on the _SOURCES line.
There is a small trap here, though: ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and
‘$(ALLOCA)’ might be empty, and building an empty library is not
portable. You should ensure that there is always something to put in
libcompat.a. Most projects will also add some utility
functions in that directory, and list them in
libcompat_a_SOURCES, so in practice libcompat.a cannot
be empty.
Finally here is how this library could be used from the src/
directory.
# src/Makefile.am
# Link all programs in this directory with libcompat.a
LDADD = ../lib/libcompat.a
bin_PROGRAMS = tool1 tool2 ...
tool1_SOURCES = ...
tool2_SOURCES = ...
When option subdir-objects is not used, as in the above
example, the variables ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ or ‘$(ALLOCA)’ can only
be used in the directory where their sources lie. E.g., here it would
be wrong to use ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ or ‘$(ALLOCA)’ in
src/Makefile.am. However if both subdir-objects and
AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR are used, it is OK to use these variables
in other directories. For instance src/Makefile.am could be
changed as follows.
# src/Makefile.am
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects
LDADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
bin_PROGRAMS = tool1 tool2 ...
tool1_SOURCES = ...
tool2_SOURCES = ...
Because ‘$(LIBOBJS)’ and ‘$(ALLOCA)’ contain object
file names that end with ‘.$(OBJEXT)’, they are not suitable for
Libtool libraries (where the expected object extension is .lo):
LTLIBOBJS and LTALLOCA should be used instead.
LTLIBOBJS is defined automatically by Autoconf and should not
be defined by hand (as in the past), however at the time of writing
LTALLOCA still needs to be defined from ALLOCA manually.
See AC_LIBOBJ vs. LIBOBJS in The Autoconf Manual.
8.7 Variables used when building a program ¶
Occasionally it is useful to know which Makefile variables
Automake uses for compilations, and in which order (see Flag Variables Ordering); for instance, you might need to do your own
compilation in some special cases.
Some variables are inherited from Autoconf; these are CC,
CFLAGS, CPPFLAGS, DEFS, LDFLAGS, and
LIBS.
There are some additional variables that Automake defines on its own:
AM_CPPFLAGS ¶The contents of this variable are passed to every compilation that invokes
the C preprocessor; it is a list of arguments to the preprocessor. For
instance, -I and -D options should be listed here.
Automake already provides some -I options automatically, in a
separate variable that is also passed to every compilation that invokes
the C preprocessor. In particular it generates ‘-I.’,
‘-I$(srcdir)’, and a -I pointing to the directory holding
config.h (if you’ve used AC_CONFIG_HEADERS). You can
disable the default -I options using the nostdinc
option.
When a file to be included is generated during the build and not part
of a distribution tarball, its location is under $(builddir),
not under $(srcdir). This matters especially for packages that
use header files placed in sub-directories and want to allow builds
outside the source tree (see Parallel Build Trees (a.k.a. VPATH Builds)). In that case we
recommend using a pair of -I options, such as, e.g.,
‘-Isome/subdir -I$(srcdir)/some/subdir’ or
‘-I$(top_builddir)/some/subdir -I$(top_srcdir)/some/subdir’.
Note that the reference to the build tree should come before the
reference to the source tree, so that accidentally leftover generated
files in the source directory are ignored.
AM_CPPFLAGS is ignored in preference to a per-executable (or
per-library) _CPPFLAGS variable if it is defined.
INCLUDES ¶This does the same job as AM_CPPFLAGS (or any per-target
_CPPFLAGS variable if it is used). It is an older name for the
same functionality. This variable is deprecated; we suggest using
AM_CPPFLAGS and per-target _CPPFLAGS instead.
AM_CFLAGS ¶This is the variable the Makefile.am author can use to pass
in additional C compiler flags. In some situations, this is
not used, in preference to the per-executable (or per-library)
_CFLAGS.
COMPILE ¶This is the command used to compile a C source file. The file name is
appended to form the complete command line.
AM_LDFLAGS ¶This is the variable the Makefile.am author can use to pass
in additional linker flags. In some situations, this is not used, in
preference to the per-executable (or per-library) _LDFLAGS.
LINK ¶This is the command used to link a C program. It already includes
‘-o $@’ and the usual variable references (for instance,
CFLAGS); it takes as “arguments” the names of the object
files and libraries to link in. This variable is not used when the
linker is overridden with a per-target _LINK variable or
per-target flags cause Automake to define such a _LINK
variable.
8.8 Yacc and Lex support ¶
Automake has somewhat idiosyncratic support for Yacc and Lex.
Automake assumes that the .c file generated by yacc
or lex should be named using the basename of the input
file. That is, for a Yacc source file foo.y, Automake will
cause the intermediate file to be named foo.c (as opposed to
y.tab.c, which is more traditional).
The extension of a Yacc source file is used to determine the extension
of the resulting C or C++ source and header files. Be aware that header
files are generated only when the option -d is given to Yacc; see
below for more information about this flag, and how to specify it.
Files with the extension .y will thus be turned into .c
sources and .h headers; likewise, .yy will become
.cc and .hh, .y++ will become c++ and
h++, .yxx will become .cxx and .hxx,
and .ypp will become .cpp and .hpp.
Similarly, Lex source files can be used to generate C or C++; the
extensions .l, .ll, .l++, .lxx, and
.lpp are recognized.
You should never explicitly mention the intermediate (C or C++) file
in any SOURCES variable (except BUILT_SOURCES, see below);
only list the source file.
The intermediate files generated by yacc (or lex)
will be included in any distribution that is made. That way the user
doesn’t need to have yacc or lex.
If a Yacc source file is seen, then your configure.ac must
define the variable YACC. This is most easily done by invoking
the macro AC_PROG_YACC (see Particular Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual).
When yacc is invoked, it is passed AM_YFLAGS and
YFLAGS. The latter is a user variable and the former is
intended for the Makefile.am author.
AM_YFLAGS is usually used to pass the -d option to
yacc. Automake knows what this means and will automatically
adjust its rules to update and distribute the header file built by
‘yacc -d’. Caveat: automake recognizes -d in
AM_YFLAGS only if it is not clustered with other options; for
example, it won’t be recognized if AM_YFLAGS is -dt,
but it will be if AM_YFLAGS is -d -t or -t
-d.
What Automake cannot guess, though, is where this header will be used:
it is up to you to ensure the header gets built before it is first
used. Typically this is necessary in order for dependency tracking to
work when the header is included by another file. The common solution
is listing the header file, and the corresponding C file, in
BUILT_SOURCES (see Built Sources) as follows.
BUILT_SOURCES = parser.h parser.c
AM_YFLAGS = -d
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = ... parser.y ...
If a Lex source file is seen, then your configure.ac must
define the variable LEX. You can use AC_PROG_LEX to do
this (see Particular Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual), but using the AM_PROG_LEX
macro (see Autoconf macros supplied with Automake) is recommended.
When lex is invoked, it is passed AM_LFLAGS and
LFLAGS. The latter is a user variable and the former is
intended for the Makefile.am author.
When AM_MAINTAINER_MODE (see missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE) is in effect,
the rebuild rules for distributed Yacc and Lex sources are only used
when maintainer-mode is enabled, or when the files have been
erased.
When Yacc or Lex sources are used, automake -a automatically
installs an auxiliary program called ylwrap in your package
(see Programs automake might require). This program is used by the build rules
to rename the output of these tools, and makes it possible to include
multiple yacc (or lex) source files in a single
directory. This is necessary because Yacc’s output file name is
fixed, and a parallel make could invoke more than one instance of
yacc simultaneously.
8.8.1 Linking Multiple Yacc Parsers ¶
For yacc, simply managing locking as with ylwrap is
insufficient. The output of yacc always uses the same
symbol names internally, so it isn’t possible to link two
yacc parsers into the same executable.
We recommend using the following renaming hack used in gdb:
#define yymaxdepth c_maxdepth
#define yyparse c_parse
#define yylex c_lex
#define yyerror c_error
#define yylval c_lval
#define yychar c_char
#define yydebug c_debug
#define yypact c_pact
#define yyr1 c_r1
#define yyr2 c_r2
#define yydef c_def
#define yychk c_chk
#define yypgo c_pgo
#define yyact c_act
#define yyexca c_exca
#define yyerrflag c_errflag
#define yynerrs c_nerrs
#define yyps c_ps
#define yypv c_pv
#define yys c_s
#define yy_yys c_yys
#define yystate c_state
#define yytmp c_tmp
#define yyv c_v
#define yy_yyv c_yyv
#define yyval c_val
#define yylloc c_lloc
#define yyreds c_reds
#define yytoks c_toks
#define yylhs c_yylhs
#define yylen c_yylen
#define yydefred c_yydefred
#define yydgoto c_yydgoto
#define yysindex c_yysindex
#define yyrindex c_yyrindex
#define yygindex c_yygindex
#define yytable c_yytable
#define yycheck c_yycheck
#define yyname c_yyname
#define yyrule c_yyrule
For each define, replace the ‘c_’ prefix with whatever you like.
These defines work for bison, byacc, and
traditional yaccs. If you find a parser generator that uses a
symbol not covered here, please report the new name so it can be added
to the list.
8.9 C++ Support ¶
Automake includes full support for C++.
Any package including C++ code must define the output variable
CXX in configure.ac; the simplest way to do this is to use
the AC_PROG_CXX macro (see Particular
Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual).
A few additional variables are defined when a C++ source file is seen:
CXX ¶The name of the C++ compiler.
CXXFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the C++ compiler.
AM_CXXFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of CXXFLAGS.
CXXCOMPILE ¶The command used to compile a C++ source file. The file name is
appended to form the complete command line.
CXXLINK ¶The command used to link a C++ program.
8.10 Objective C Support ¶
Automake includes some support for Objective C.
Any package including Objective C code must define the output variable
OBJC in configure.ac; the simplest way to do this is to use
the AC_PROG_OBJC macro (see Particular
Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual).
A few additional variables are defined when an Objective C source file
is seen:
OBJC ¶The name of the Objective C compiler.
OBJCFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the Objective C compiler.
AM_OBJCFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of OBJCFLAGS.
OBJCCOMPILE ¶The command used to compile an Objective C source file. The file name
is appended to form the complete command line.
OBJCLINK ¶The command used to link an Objective C program.
8.11 Objective C++ Support ¶
Automake includes some support for Objective C++.
Any package including Objective C++ code must define the output variable
OBJCXX in configure.ac; the simplest way to do this is to use
the AC_PROG_OBJCXX macro (see Particular
Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual).
A few additional variables are defined when an Objective C++ source file
is seen:
OBJCXX ¶The name of the Objective C++ compiler.
OBJCXXFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the Objective C++ compiler.
AM_OBJCXXFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of OBJCXXFLAGS.
OBJCXXCOMPILE ¶The command used to compile an Objective C++ source file. The file
name is appended to form the complete command line.
OBJCXXLINK ¶The command used to link an Objective C++ program.
8.12 Unified Parallel C Support ¶
Automake includes some support for Unified Parallel C.
Any package including Unified Parallel C code must define the output
variable UPC in configure.ac; the simplest way to do
this is to use the AM_PROG_UPC macro (see Public Macros).
A few additional variables are defined when a Unified Parallel C
source file is seen:
UPC ¶The name of the Unified Parallel C compiler.
UPCFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the Unified Parallel C compiler.
AM_UPCFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of UPCFLAGS.
UPCCOMPILE ¶The command used to compile a Unified Parallel C source file. The
file name is appended to form the complete command line.
UPCLINK ¶The command used to link a Unified Parallel C program.
8.13 Assembly Support ¶
Automake includes some support for assembly code. There are two forms
of assembler files: normal (*.s) and preprocessed by CPP
(*.S or *.sx).
The variable CCAS holds the name of the compiler used to build
assembly code. This compiler must work a bit like a C compiler; in
particular it must accept -c and -o. The values of
CCASFLAGS and AM_CCASFLAGS (or its per-target
definition) is passed to the compilation. For preprocessed files,
DEFS, DEFAULT_INCLUDES, INCLUDES, CPPFLAGS
and AM_CPPFLAGS are also used.
The autoconf macro AM_PROG_AS will define CCAS and
CCASFLAGS for you (unless they are already set, it simply sets
CCAS to the C compiler and CCASFLAGS to the C compiler
flags), but you are free to define these variables by other means.
Only the suffixes .s, .S, and .sx are recognized by
automake as being files containing assembly code.
8.14 Fortran 77 Support ¶
Automake includes full support for Fortran 77.
Any package including Fortran 77 code must define the output variable
F77 in configure.ac; the simplest way to do this is to use
the AC_PROG_F77 macro (see Particular
Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual).
A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 77 source file is
seen:
F77 ¶The name of the Fortran 77 compiler.
FFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the Fortran 77 compiler.
AM_FFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of FFLAGS.
RFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the Ratfor compiler.
AM_RFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of RFLAGS.
F77COMPILE ¶The command used to compile a Fortran 77 source file. The file name
is appended to form the complete command line.
FLINK ¶The command used to link a pure Fortran 77 program or shared library.
Automake can handle preprocessing Fortran 77 and Ratfor source files in
addition to compiling them. Automake
also contains some support for creating programs and shared libraries
that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and other languages (see Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++).
These issues are covered in the following sections.
8.14.1 Preprocessing Fortran 77 ¶
N.f is made automatically from N.F or N.r. This
rule runs just the preprocessor to convert a preprocessable Fortran 77
or Ratfor source file into a strict Fortran 77 source file. The precise
command used is as follows:
- .F
$(F77) -F $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
$(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)
- .r
$(F77) -F $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)
8.14.2 Compiling Fortran 77 Files ¶
N.o is made automatically from N.f, N.F or
N.r by running the Fortran 77 compiler. The precise command used
is as follows:
- .f
$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)
- .F
$(F77) -c $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
$(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)
- .r
$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)
8.14.3 Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++ ¶
Automake currently provides limited support for creating programs
and shared libraries that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++.
However, there are many other issues related to mixing Fortran 77 with
other languages that are not (currently) handled by Automake, but
that are handled by other packages.
Automake can help in two ways:
- Automatic selection of the linker depending on which combinations of
source code.
- Automatic selection of the appropriate linker flags (e.g., -L and
-l) to pass to the automatically selected linker in order to link
in the appropriate Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries.
These extra Fortran 77 linker flags are supplied in the output variable
FLIBS by the AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS Autoconf macro.
See Fortran Compiler Characteristics in The Autoconf Manual.
If Automake detects that a program or shared library (as mentioned in
some _PROGRAMS or _LTLIBRARIES primary) contains source
code that is a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++, then it requires
that the macro AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS be called in
configure.ac, and that either $(FLIBS)
appear in the appropriate _LDADD (for programs) or _LIBADD
(for shared libraries) variables. It is the responsibility of the
person writing the Makefile.am to make sure that ‘$(FLIBS)’
appears in the appropriate _LDADD or
_LIBADD variable.
For example, consider the following Makefile.am:
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = main.cc foo.f
foo_LDADD = libfoo.la $(FLIBS)
pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = bar.f baz.c zardoz.cc
libfoo_la_LIBADD = $(FLIBS)
In this case, Automake will insist that AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS
is mentioned in configure.ac. Also, if ‘$(FLIBS)’ hadn’t
been mentioned in foo_LDADD and libfoo_la_LIBADD, then
Automake would have issued a warning.
8.14.3.1 How the Linker is Chosen ¶
When a program or library mixes several languages, Automake chooses the
linker according to the following priorities. (The names in
parentheses are the variables containing the link command.)
-
Native Java (
GCJLINK)
-
Objective C++ (
OBJCXXLINK)
-
C++ (
CXXLINK)
-
Fortran 77 (
F77LINK)
-
Fortran (
FCLINK)
-
Objective C (
OBJCLINK)
-
Unified Parallel C (
UPCLINK)
-
C (
LINK)
For example, if Fortran 77, C and C++ source code is compiled
into a program, then the C++ linker will be used. In this case, if the
C or Fortran 77 linkers required any special libraries that weren’t
included by the C++ linker, then they must be manually added to an
_LDADD or _LIBADD variable by the user writing the
Makefile.am.
Automake only looks at the file names listed in _SOURCES
variables to choose the linker, and defaults to the C linker.
Sometimes this is inconvenient because you are linking against a
library written in another language and would like to set the linker
more appropriately. See Libtool Convenience Libraries, for a
trick with nodist_EXTRA_…_SOURCES.
A per-target _LINK variable will override the above selection.
Per-target link flags will cause Automake to write a per-target
_LINK variable according to the language chosen as above.
8.15 Fortran 9x Support ¶
Automake includes support for Fortran 9x.
Any package including Fortran 9x code must define the output variable
FC in configure.ac; the simplest way to do this is to use
the AC_PROG_FC macro (see Particular
Program Checks in The Autoconf Manual).
A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 9x source file is
seen:
FC ¶The name of the Fortran 9x compiler.
FCFLAGS ¶Any flags to pass to the Fortran 9x compiler.
AM_FCFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of FCFLAGS.
FCCOMPILE ¶The command used to compile a Fortran 9x source file. The file name
is appended to form the complete command line.
FCLINK ¶The command used to link a pure Fortran 9x program or shared library.
8.15.1 Compiling Fortran 9x Files ¶
file.o is made automatically from file.f90,
file.f95, file.f03, or file.f08
by running the Fortran 9x compiler. The precise command used
is as follows:
- .f90
$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f90) $<
- .f95
$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f95) $<
- .f03
$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f03) $<
- .f08
$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f08) $<
8.16 Compiling Java sources using gcj ¶
Automake includes support for natively compiled Java, using gcj,
the Java front end to the GNU Compiler Collection (rudimentary support
for compiling Java to bytecode using the javac compiler is
also present, albeit deprecated; see Java bytecode compilation (deprecated)).
Any package including Java code to be compiled must define the output
variable GCJ in configure.ac; the variable GCJFLAGS
must also be defined somehow (either in configure.ac or
Makefile.am). The simplest way to do this is to use the
AM_PROG_GCJ macro.
By default, programs including Java source files are linked with
gcj.
As always, the contents of AM_GCJFLAGS are passed to every
compilation invoking gcj (in its role as an ahead-of-time
compiler, when invoking it to create .class files,
AM_JAVACFLAGS is used instead). If it is necessary to pass
options to gcj from Makefile.am, this variable, and not
the user variable GCJFLAGS, should be used.
gcj can be used to compile .java, .class,
.zip, or .jar files.
When linking, gcj requires that the main class be specified
using the --main= option. The easiest way to do this is to use
the _LDFLAGS variable for the program.
8.17 Vala Support ¶
Automake supports Vala (https://vala.dev/).
Vala support requires the user to use GNU make.
foo_SOURCES = foo.vala bar.vala zardoz.c
Any .vala file listed in a _SOURCES variable will be
compiled into C code by the Vala compiler. The generated .c
files are distributed. The end user does not need to have a Vala
compiler installed.
Because all C files must be generated, and the Vala compiler compiles
all the .vala files for a target at once, it is not possible to
add files to a _SOURCES variable that cannot be compiled
together; for example, alternative platform-specific definitions of
the same methods.
Automake ships with an Autoconf macro called AM_PROG_VALAC
that will locate the Vala compiler and optionally check its version
number.
- Macro: AM_PROG_VALAC ([minimum-version], [action-if-found], ¶
[action-if-not-found])
Search for a Vala compiler in PATH. If it is found, the variable
VALAC is set to point to it (see below for more details). This
macro takes three optional arguments. The first argument, if present,
is the minimum version of the Vala API required to compile this package.
For Vala releases, this is the same as the major and minor release
number; e.g., when valac --version reports 0.48.7,
valac --api-version reports 0.48. If a compiler is found
and satisfies minimum-version, then action-if-found is run
(this defaults to do nothing). Otherwise, action-if-not-found is
run. If action-if-not-found is not specified, the default value
is to print a warning in case no compiler is found, or if a too-old
version of the compiler is found.
There are a few variables that are used when compiling Vala sources:
VALAC ¶Absolute path to the Vala compiler, or simply ‘valac’ if no
suitable Vala compiler could be found at configure runtime.
VALAFLAGS ¶Additional arguments for the Vala compiler.
AM_VALAFLAGS ¶The maintainer’s variant of VALAFLAGS.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.vala
Note that currently, you cannot use per-target *_VALAFLAGS
(see Why are object files sometimes renamed?) to produce different C files from one Vala
source file.
8.19 Automatic dependency tracking ¶
As a developer it is often painful to continually update the
Makefile.am whenever the include-file dependencies change in a
project. Automake supplies a way to automatically track dependency
changes (see Automatic Dependency Tracking).
Automake always uses complete dependencies for a compilation,
including system headers. Automake’s model is that dependency
computation should be a side effect of the build. To this end,
dependencies are computed by running all compilations through a
special wrapper program called depcomp. depcomp
understands how to coax many different C and C++ compilers into
generating dependency information in the format it requires.
‘automake -a’ will install depcomp into your source
tree for you. If depcomp can’t figure out how to properly
invoke your compiler, dependency tracking will simply be disabled for
your build.
Experience with earlier versions of Automake (see Dependency Tracking Evolution in Brief History
of Automake) taught us that it is not reliable to generate dependencies
only on the maintainer’s system, as configurations vary too much. So
instead Automake implements dependency tracking at build time.
This automatic dependency tracking can be suppressed by putting
no-dependencies in the variable AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS, or
passing no-dependencies as an argument to AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
(this should be the preferred way). Or, you can invoke automake
with the -i option. Dependency tracking is enabled by default.
The person building your package also can choose to disable dependency
tracking by configuring with --disable-dependency-tracking.
If, as the package maintainer, you wish to conditionalize your
Makefile.am according to whether dependency tracking is
enabled, the best way is to define your own conditional in
configure.ac according to the shell variable
$enable_dependency_tracking (all
--enable/--disable options are available as shell
variables; see Package Options in The Autoconf Manual):
AM_CONDITIONAL([NO_DEP_TRACKING],
[test x"$enable_dependency_tracking" = x"no"])
And then in your Makefile.am:
if NO_DEP_TRACKING
# stuff to do when dependency tracking is disabled
else
# stuff to do when it's enabled
endif
8.20 Support for executable extensions ¶
On some platforms, such as Windows, executables are expected to have an
extension such as .exe. On these platforms, some compilers (GCC
among them) will automatically generate foo.exe when asked to
generate foo.
Automake provides mostly-transparent support for this. Unfortunately
mostly doesn’t yet mean fully. Until the English
dictionary is revised, you will have to assist Automake if your package
must support those platforms.
One thing you must be aware of is that, internally, Automake rewrites
something like this:
to this:
bin_PROGRAMS = liver$(EXEEXT)
The targets Automake generates are likewise given the ‘$(EXEEXT)’
extension.
The variables TESTS and XFAIL_TESTS (see Simple Tests)
are also rewritten if they contain filenames that have been declared as
programs in the same Makefile. (This is mostly useful when some
programs from check_PROGRAMS are listed in TESTS.)
However, Automake cannot apply this rewriting to configure
substitutions. This means that if you are conditionally building a
program using such a substitution, then your configure.ac must
take care to add ‘$(EXEEXT)’ when constructing the output variable.
Sometimes maintainers like to write an explicit link rule for their
program. Without executable extension support, this is easy—you
simply write a rule whose target is the name of the program. However,
when executable extension support is enabled, you must instead add the
‘$(EXEEXT)’ suffix.
This might be a nuisance for maintainers who know their package will
never run on a platform that has
executable extensions. For those maintainers, the no-exeext
option (see Changing Automake’s Behavior) will disable this feature. This works in a
fairly ugly way; if no-exeext is seen, then the presence of a
rule for a target named foo in Makefile.am will override
an automake-generated rule for ‘foo$(EXEEXT)’. Without
the no-exeext option, this use will give a diagnostic.
9 Other Derived Objects ¶
Automake can handle derived objects that are not C programs.
Sometimes the support for building such objects must be explicitly
supplied, but Automake can still automatically handle installation and
distribution.
9.1 Executable Scripts ¶
It is possible to define and install programs that are scripts. Such
programs are listed using the SCRIPTS primary name. When the
script is distributed in its final, installable form, the
Makefile usually looks as follows:
# Install my_script in $(bindir) and distribute it.
dist_bin_SCRIPTS = my_script
Scripts are not distributed by default; as we have just seen, those
that should be distributed can be specified using a dist_
prefix as with other primaries.
Scripts can be installed in bindir, sbindir,
libexecdir, pkglibexecdir, or pkgdatadir.
Scripts that need not be installed can be listed in
noinst_SCRIPTS, and among them, those which are needed only by
‘make check’ should go in check_SCRIPTS.
When a script needs to be built, the Makefile.am should include
the appropriate rules. For instance the automake program
itself is a Perl script that is generated from automake.in.
Here is how this is handled:
bin_SCRIPTS = automake
CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS)
EXTRA_DIST = automake.in
do_subst = sed -e 's,[@]datadir[@],$(datadir),g' \
-e 's,[@]PERL[@],$(PERL),g' \
-e 's,[@]PACKAGE[@],$(PACKAGE),g' \
-e 's,[@]VERSION[@],$(VERSION),g' \
...
automake: automake.in Makefile
$(do_subst) < $(srcdir)/automake.in > automake
chmod +x automake
Such scripts for which a build rule has been supplied need to be
deleted explicitly using CLEANFILES (see What Gets Cleaned), and their
sources have to be distributed, usually with EXTRA_DIST
(see Basics of Distribution).
Another common way to build scripts is to process them from
configure with AC_CONFIG_FILES. In this situation
Automake knows which files should be cleaned and distributed, and what
the rebuild rules should look like.
For instance if configure.ac contains
AC_CONFIG_FILES([src/my_script], [chmod +x src/my_script])
to build src/my_script from src/my_script.in, then a
src/Makefile.am to install this script in $(bindir) can
be as simple as
bin_SCRIPTS = my_script
CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS)
There is no need for EXTRA_DIST or any build rule: Automake
infers them from AC_CONFIG_FILES (see Configuration requirements).
CLEANFILES is still useful, because by default Automake will
clean targets of AC_CONFIG_FILES in distclean, not
clean.
Although this looks simpler, building scripts this way has one
drawback: directory variables such as $(datadir) are not fully
expanded and may refer to other directory variables.
9.3 Architecture-independent data files ¶
Automake supports the installation of miscellaneous data files using the
DATA family of variables.
Such data can be installed in the directories datadir,
docdir, lispdir, sysconfdir, sharedstatedir,
localstatedir, or pkgdatadir.
By default, data files are not included in a distribution. Of
course, you can use the dist_ prefix to change this on a
per-variable basis.
Here is how Automake declares its auxiliary data files:
dist_pkgdata_DATA = clean-kr.am clean.am ...
9.4 Built Sources ¶
Because Automake’s automatic dependency tracking works as a side-effect
of compilation (see Automatic dependency tracking) there is a bootstrap issue: a
target should not be compiled before its dependencies are made, but
these dependencies are unknown until the target is first compiled.
Ordinarily this is not a problem, because dependencies are distributed
sources: they preexist and do not need to be built. Suppose that
foo.c includes foo.h. When it first compiles
foo.o, make only knows that foo.o depends on
foo.c. As a side-effect of this compilation depcomp
records the foo.h dependency so that following invocations of
make will honor it. In these conditions, it’s clear there is
no problem: either foo.o doesn’t exist and has to be built
(regardless of the dependencies), or accurate dependencies exist and
they can be used to decide whether foo.o should be rebuilt.
It’s a different story if foo.h doesn’t exist by the first
make run. For instance, there might be a rule to build
foo.h. This time file.o’s build will fail because the
compiler can’t find foo.h. make failed to trigger the
rule to build foo.h first by lack of dependency information.
The BUILT_SOURCES variable is a workaround for this problem. A
source file listed in BUILT_SOURCES is made when ‘make
all’, ‘make check’, ‘make install’, ‘make install-exec’
(or make dist) is run, before other targets are processed.
However, such a source file is not compiled unless explicitly
requested by mentioning it in some other _SOURCES variable.
So, to conclude our introductory example, we could use
‘BUILT_SOURCES = foo.h’ to ensure foo.h gets built before
any other target (including foo.o) during ‘make all’ or
‘make check’.
BUILT_SOURCES is a bit of a misnomer, as any file which must be
created early in the build process can be listed in this variable.
Moreover, all built sources do not necessarily have to be listed in
BUILT_SOURCES. For instance, a generated .c file
doesn’t need to appear in BUILT_SOURCES (unless it is included
by another source), because it’s a known dependency of the associated
object.
To emphasize, BUILT_SOURCES is honored only by ‘make all’,
‘make check’, ‘make install’, and make install-exec
(and ‘make dist’). This means you cannot build an arbitrary
target (e.g., ‘make foo’) in a clean tree if it depends on a
built source. However it will succeed if you have run ‘make all’
earlier, because accurate dependencies are already available.
The next section illustrates and discusses the handling of built sources
on a toy example.
9.4.1 Built Sources Example ¶
Suppose that foo.c includes bindir.h, which is
installation-dependent and not distributed: it needs to be built. Here
bindir.h defines the preprocessor macro bindir to the
value of the make variable bindir (inherited from
configure).
We suggest several implementations below. It’s not meant to be an
exhaustive listing of all ways to handle built sources, but it will give
you a few ideas if you encounter this issue.
First Try ¶
This first implementation will illustrate the bootstrap issue mentioned
in the previous section (see Built Sources).
Here is a tentative Makefile.am.
# This won't work.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@
This setup doesn’t work, because Automake doesn’t know that foo.c
includes bindir.h. Remember, automatic dependency tracking works
as a side-effect of compilation, so the dependencies of foo.o will
be known only after foo.o has been compiled (see Automatic dependency tracking).
The symptom is as follows.
% make
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
In this example bindir.h is not distributed nor installed, and
it is not even being built on-time. One may wonder if the
‘nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h’ line has any use at all. This
line simply states that bindir.h is a source of foo, so
for instance, it should be inspected while generating tags
(see Interfacing to etags). In other words, it does not help our present problem,
and the build would fail identically without it.
Using BUILT_SOURCES ¶
A solution is to require bindir.h to be built before anything
else. This is what BUILT_SOURCES is meant for (see Built Sources).
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
BUILT_SOURCES = bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@
See how bindir.h gets built first:
% make
echo '#define bindir "/usr/local/bin"' >bindir.h
make all-am
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/adl/tmp'
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
gcc -g -O2 -o foo foo.o
make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/adl/tmp'
However, as said earlier, BUILT_SOURCES applies only to the
all, check, and install targets. It still fails
if you try to run ‘make foo’ explicitly:
% make clean
test -z "bindir.h" || rm -f bindir.h
test -z "foo" || rm -f foo
rm -f *.o
% : > .deps/foo.Po # Suppress previously recorded dependencies
% make foo
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Recording Dependencies manually ¶
Usually people are happy enough with BUILT_SOURCES because they
never build targets such as ‘make foo’ before ‘make all’, as
in the previous example. However if this matters to you, you can
avoid BUILT_SOURCES and record such dependencies explicitly in
the Makefile.am.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@
You don’t have to list all the dependencies of foo.o
explicitly, only those that might need to be built. If a dependency
already exists, it will not hinder the first compilation and will be
recorded by the normal dependency tracking code. (After this first
compilation, the dependency tracking code will also have recorded the
dependency between foo.o and bindir.h, so our explicit
dependency is only useful to the first build.)
Adding explicit dependencies like this can be a bit dangerous if you are
not careful enough. This is due to the way Automake tries not to
overwrite your rules (it assumes you know better than it).
‘foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h’ supersedes any rule Automake may want to
output to build ‘foo.$(OBJEXT)’. It happens to work in this case
because Automake doesn’t have to output any ‘foo.$(OBJEXT):’
target: it relies on a suffix rule instead (i.e., ‘.c.$(OBJEXT):’).
Always check the generated Makefile.in if you do this.
It’s possible to define this preprocessor macro from configure,
either in config.h (see Defining
Directories in The Autoconf Manual), or by processing a
bindir.h.in file using AC_CONFIG_FILES
(see Configuration Actions in The
Autoconf Manual).
At this point it should be clear that building bindir.h from
configure works well for this example. bindir.h will exist
before you build any target, hence will not cause any dependency issue.
The Makefile can be shrunk as follows. We do not even have to mention
bindir.h.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
However, it’s not always possible to build sources from
configure, especially when these sources are generated by a tool
that needs to be built first.
Build bindir.c, not bindir.h. ¶
Another attractive idea is to define bindir as a variable or
function exported from bindir.o, and build bindir.c
instead of bindir.h.
noinst_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c bindir.h
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.c
CLEANFILES = bindir.c
bindir.c: Makefile
echo 'const char bindir[] = "$(bindir)";' >$@
bindir.h contains just the variable’s declaration and doesn’t
need to be built, so it won’t cause any trouble. bindir.o is
always dependent on bindir.c, so bindir.c will get built
first.
Which is best? ¶
There is no panacea, of course. Each solution has its merits and
drawbacks.
You cannot use BUILT_SOURCES if the ability to run ‘make
foo’ on a clean tree is important to you.
You won’t add explicit dependencies if you are leery of overriding
an Automake rule by mistake.
Building files from ./configure is not always possible, neither
is converting .h files into .c files.
11 Building documentation ¶
Currently Automake provides support for Texinfo and man pages.
11.1 Texinfo ¶
If the current directory contains Texinfo source, you must declare it
with the TEXINFOS primary. Generally Texinfo files are converted
into info, and thus the info_TEXINFOS variable is most commonly used
here. Any Texinfo source file should have the .texi extension.
Automake also accepts .txi or .texinfo extensions, but their
use is discouraged now, and will elicit runtime warnings.
Automake generates rules to build .info, .dvi,
.ps, .pdf and .html files from your Texinfo
sources. Following the GNU Coding Standards, only the .info
files are built by ‘make all’ and installed by ‘make
install’ (unless you use no-installinfo, see below).
Furthermore, .info files are automatically distributed so that
Texinfo is not a prerequisite for installing your package.
It is worth noting that, contrary to what happens with the other formats,
the generated .info files are by default placed in srcdir
rather than in the builddir. This can be changed with the
info-in-builddir option.
If the Texinfo sources are in a subdirectory relative to the Makefile, then
-I flags for the subdirectory, both in the source directory and in the
build directory, will automatically be added. There is no need to specify
these in ‘$(MAKEINFO)’, ‘$(MAKEINFOFLAGS)’, etc.
If a Texinfo source file contains an ‘@setfilename’ directive,
and its argument has extension ‘.info’ (or no extension, but this
is discouraged), that argument should be the same as the basename of
the Texinfo file, extended with ‘.info’. The Make rules
generated by Automake assume this, and will not work if the
‘@setfilename’ is for some other name.
If a Texinfo source ‘foo.texi’ is not present, but
foo.texi.in exists, Texinfo will read that .texi.in file
for @setfilename and @include version.texi (described
below).
Texinfo source files need not be present at all, and if present, need
not contain @setfilename. Then the file name given in the
Makefile.am will be used.
Other documentation formats can be built on request by ‘make
dvi’, ‘make ps’, ‘make pdf’ and ‘make html’, and they
can be installed with ‘make install-dvi’, ‘make install-ps’,
‘make install-pdf’ and ‘make install-html’ explicitly.
‘make uninstall’ will remove everything: the Texinfo
documentation installed by default as well as all the above optional
formats.
All of these targets can be extended using ‘-local’ rules
(see Extending Automake Rules).
If a .texi file @includes version.texi (actually
any file named vers...texi, then that file will be
automatically generated. The file version.texi defines four
Texinfo flags you can reference using @value{EDITION},
@value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}, and
@value{UPDATED-MONTH}.
EDITIONVERSIONBoth of these flags hold the version number of your program. They are
kept separate for clarity.
UPDATEDThis holds the date the primary .texi file was last modified.
UPDATED-MONTHThis holds the name of the month in which the primary .texi file
was last modified.
The version.texi support requires the mdate-sh
script; this script is supplied with Automake and automatically
included when automake is invoked with the
--add-missing option.
If you have multiple Texinfo files, and you want to use the
version.texi feature, then you have to have a separate version
file for each Texinfo file. Automake will treat any include in a
Texinfo file that matches vers*.texi just like an automatically
generated version file.
Often an Info file depends on more than one .texi file. For
instance, in GNU Hello, hello.texi includes the file
fdl.texi. You can tell Automake about these dependencies using
the texi_TEXINFOS variable. Here is how GNU Hello does
it:
info_TEXINFOS = hello.texi
hello_TEXINFOS = fdl.texi
By default, Automake requires the file texinfo.tex to appear in
the same directory as the Makefile.am file that lists the
.texi files. If you used AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR in
configure.ac (see Finding ‘configure’ Input in The Autoconf Manual), then texinfo.tex is looked for
there. In both cases, automake then supplies texinfo.tex if
--add-missing is given, and takes care of its distribution.
However, if you set the TEXINFO_TEX variable (see below),
it overrides the location of the file and turns off its installation
into the source as well as its distribution.
The option no-texinfo.tex can be used to eliminate the
requirement for the file texinfo.tex. Use of the variable
TEXINFO_TEX is preferable, however, because that allows the
dvi, ps, and pdf targets to still work.
Automake generates an install-info rule; some people apparently
use this. By default, info pages are installed by ‘make
install’, so running make install-info is pointless. This can
be prevented via the no-installinfo option. In this case,
.info files are not installed by default, and user must
request this explicitly using ‘make install-info’.
By default, make install-info and make uninstall-info
will try to run the install-info program (if available) to
update (or create/remove) the ${infodir}/dir index.
If this is undesired, it can be prevented by exporting the
AM_UPDATE_INFO_DIR variable to "no".
The following variables are used by the Texinfo build rules.
MAKEINFO ¶The name of the program invoked to build .info files. This
variable is defined by Automake. If the makeinfo program is
found on the system then it will be used by default; otherwise
missing will be used instead.
MAKEINFOHTML ¶The command invoked to build .html files. Automake
defines this to ‘$(MAKEINFO) --html’.
MAKEINFOFLAGS ¶User flags passed to each invocation of ‘$(MAKEINFO)’ and
‘$(MAKEINFOHTML)’. This user variable (see Variables reserved for the user) is
not expected to be defined in any Makefile; it can be used by
users to pass extra flags to suit their needs.
AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS ¶AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS ¶AM_TEXI2FLAGS ¶Maintainer flags passed to each makeinfo invocation. Unlike
MAKEINFOFLAGS, these variables are meant to be defined by
maintainers in Makefile.am. ‘$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)’ is
passed to makeinfo when building .info files;
‘$(AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS)’ is used when building .html
files; and ‘$(AM_TEXI2FLAGS)’ is used when building .dvi and
.pdf files.
For instance, the following setting can be used to obtain one single
.html file per manual, without node separators.
AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS = --no-headers --no-split
AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS defaults to ‘$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)’.
This means that defining AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS without defining
AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS will impact builds of both .info
and .html files.
TEXI2DVI ¶The name of the command that converts a .texi file into a
.dvi file. This defaults to ‘texi2dvi’, a script that ships
with the Texinfo package.
TEXI2PDF ¶The name of the command that translates a .texi file into a
.pdf file. This defaults to ‘$(TEXI2DVI) --pdf --batch’.
DVIPS ¶The name of the command that builds a .ps file out of a
.dvi file. This defaults to ‘dvips’.
TEXINFO_TEX ¶If your package has Texinfo files in many directories, you can use the
variable TEXINFO_TEX to tell Automake where to find the canonical
texinfo.tex for your package. The value of this variable should
be the relative path from the current Makefile.am to
texinfo.tex:
TEXINFO_TEX = ../doc/texinfo.tex
11.2 Man Pages ¶
A package can also include man pages (but see the GNU standards on this
matter, Man Pages in The GNU Coding Standards.) Man
pages are declared using the MANS primary. Generally the
man_MANS variable is used. Man pages are automatically installed in
the correct subdirectory of mandir, based on the file extension.
File extensions such as .1c are handled by looking for the valid
part of the extension and using that to determine the correct
subdirectory of mandir. Valid section names are the digits
‘0’ through ‘9’, and the letters ‘l’ and ‘n’.
Sometimes developers prefer to name a man page something like
foo.man in the source, and then rename it to have the correct
suffix, for example foo.1, when installing the file. Automake
also supports this mode. For a valid section named section,
there is a corresponding directory named ‘mansectiondir’,
and a corresponding _MANS variable. Files listed in such a
variable are installed in the indicated section. If the file already
has a valid suffix, then it is installed as-is; otherwise the file
suffix is changed to match the section.
For instance, consider this example:
man1_MANS = rename.man thesame.1 alsothesame.1c
In this case, rename.man will be renamed to rename.1 when
installed, but the other files will keep their names.
By default, man pages are installed by ‘make install’. However,
since the GNU project does not require man pages, many maintainers do
not expend effort to keep the man pages up to date. In these cases, the
no-installman option will prevent the man pages from being
installed by default. The user can still explicitly install them via
‘make install-man’.
For fast installation, with many files it is preferable to use
‘mansection_MANS’ over ‘man_MANS’ as well as files that
do not need to be renamed.
Man pages are not currently considered to be source, because it is not
uncommon for man pages to be automatically generated. Therefore they
are not automatically included in the distribution. However, this can
be changed by use of the dist_ prefix. For instance here is
how to distribute and install the two man pages of GNU cpio
(which includes both Texinfo documentation and man pages):
dist_man_MANS = cpio.1 mt.1
The nobase_ prefix is meaningless for man pages and is
disallowed.
Executables and manpages may be renamed upon installation
(see Renaming Programs at Install Time). For manpages this can be avoided by use of the
notrans_ prefix. For instance, suppose an executable ‘foo’
allowing to access a library function ‘foo’ from the command line.
The way to avoid renaming of the foo.3 manpage is:
man_MANS = foo.1
notrans_man_MANS = foo.3
‘notrans_’ must be specified first when used in conjunction with
either ‘dist_’ or ‘nodist_’ (see Fine-grained Distribution Control). For instance:
notrans_dist_man3_MANS = bar.3
16 Rebuilding Makefiles ¶
Automake generates rules to automatically rebuild Makefiles,
configure, and other derived files like Makefile.in.
If you are using AM_MAINTAINER_MODE in configure.ac, then
these automatic rebuilding rules are only enabled in maintainer mode.
Sometimes it is convenient to supplement the rebuild rules for
configure or config.status with additional dependencies.
The variables CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES and
CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES can be used to list these extra
dependencies. These variables should be defined in all
Makefiles of the tree (because these two rebuild rules are
output in all of them), so it is safer and easier to AC_SUBST them
from configure.ac. For instance, the following statement will
cause configure to be rerun each time version.sh is
changed.
AC_SUBST([CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES], ['$(top_srcdir)/version.sh'])
Note the ‘$(top_srcdir)/’ in the file name. Since this variable
is to be used in all Makefiles, its value must be sensible at
any level in the build hierarchy.
Beware not to mistake CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES for
CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES.
CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES adds dependencies to the
configure rule, whose effect is to run autoconf. This
variable should be seldom used, because automake already tracks
m4_included files. However it can be useful when playing
tricky games with m4_esyscmd or similar non-recommendable
macros with side effects. Be also aware that interactions of this
variable with the autom4te cache in The Autoconf Manual are quite problematic and can cause subtle
breakage, so you might want to disable the cache if you want to use
CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES.
CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES adds dependencies to the
config.status rule, whose effect is to run configure.
This variable should therefore carry any non-standard source that may
be read as a side effect of running configure, like version.sh
in the example above.
Speaking of version.sh scripts, we recommend against them
today. They are mainly used when the version of a package is updated
automatically by a script (e.g., in daily builds). Here is what some
old-style configure.acs may look like:
AC_INIT
. $srcdir/version.sh
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([name], $VERSION_NUMBER)
...
Here, version.sh is a shell fragment that sets
VERSION_NUMBER. The problem with this example is that
automake cannot track dependencies (listing version.sh
in CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES, and distributing this file is up
to the user), and that it uses the obsolete form of AC_INIT and
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE. Upgrading to the new syntax is not
straightforward, because shell variables are not allowed in
AC_INIT’s arguments. We recommend that version.sh be
replaced by an M4 file that is included by configure.ac:
m4_include([version.m4])
AC_INIT([name], VERSION_NUMBER)
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
...
Here version.m4 could contain something like
‘m4_define([VERSION_NUMBER], [1.2])’. The advantage of this
second form is that automake will take care of the
dependencies when defining the rebuild rule, and will also distribute
the file automatically. An inconvenience is that autoconf
will now be rerun each time the version number is bumped, when only
configure had to be rerun in the previous setup.
GNU Make, at least, has an option --always-make which tells
Make to consider that all targets are out of date. This interacts
badly with Automake-generated Makefiles, which implement their own
careful rules for when to regenerate Makefiles, as described above.
The result is an endless loop, or other poor behavior. The only thing
to do, as far as we know, is to refrain from using
--always-make.
22 When Automake Isn’t Enough ¶
In some situations, where Automake is not up to one task, one has to
resort to handwritten rules or even handwritten Makefiles.
22.1 Extending Automake Rules ¶
With some minor exceptions (for example _PROGRAMS variables,
TESTS, or XFAIL_TESTS) being rewritten to append
‘$(EXEEXT)’), the contents of a Makefile.am is copied to
Makefile.in verbatim.
These copying semantics mean that many problems can be worked around
by simply adding some make variables and rules to
Makefile.am. Automake will ignore these additions.
Since a Makefile.in is built from data gathered from three
different places (Makefile.am, configure.ac, and
automake itself), it is possible to have conflicting
definitions of rules or variables. When building Makefile.in
the following priorities are respected by automake to ensure
the user always has the last word:
- User defined variables in Makefile.am have priority over
variables
AC_SUBSTed from configure.ac, and
AC_SUBSTed variables have priority over
automake-defined variables.
- As far as rules are concerned, a user-defined rule overrides any
automake-defined rule for the same target.
These overriding semantics make it possible to fine tune some default
settings of Automake, or replace some of its rules. Overriding
Automake rules is often inadvisable, particularly in the topmost
directory of a package with subdirectories. The -Woverride
option (see Creating a Makefile.in: Invoking automake) comes in handy to catch overridden
definitions.
Note that Automake does not make any distinction between rules with
commands and rules that only specify dependencies. So it is not
possible to append new dependencies to an automake-defined
target without redefining the entire rule.
However, various useful targets have a ‘-local’ version you can
specify in your Makefile.am. Automake will supplement the
standard target with these user-supplied targets.
The targets that support a local version are all, info,
dvi, ps, pdf, html, check,
install-data, install-dvi, install-exec,
install-html, install-info, install-pdf,
install-ps, uninstall, installdirs,
installcheck and the various clean targets
(mostlyclean, clean, distclean, and
maintainer-clean).
Note that there are no uninstall-exec-local or
uninstall-data-local targets; just use uninstall-local.
It doesn’t make sense to uninstall just data or just executables.
For instance, here is one way to erase a subdirectory during
‘make clean’ (see What Gets Cleaned).
clean-local:
-rm -rf testSubDir
You may be tempted to use install-data-local to install a file
to some hard-coded location, but you should avoid this
(see Installing to Hard-Coded Locations).
With the -local targets, there is no particular guarantee of
execution order; typically, they are run early, but with parallel
make, there is no way to be sure of that.
In contrast, some rules also have a way to run another rule, called a
hook; hooks are always executed after the main rule’s work is done.
The hook is named after the principal target, with ‘-hook’ appended.
The targets allowing hooks are install-data,
install-exec, uninstall, dist, and
distcheck.
For instance, here is how to create a hard link to an installed program:
install-exec-hook:
ln $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/program$(EXEEXT) \
$(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/proglink$(EXEEXT)
Although cheaper and more portable than symbolic links, hard links
will not work everywhere (for instance, OS/2 does not have
ln). Ideally you should fall back to ‘cp -p’ when
ln does not work. An easy way, if symbolic links are
acceptable to you, is to add AC_PROG_LN_S to
configure.ac (see Particular Program
Checks in The Autoconf Manual) and use ‘$(LN_S)’ in
Makefile.am.
For instance, here is how you could install a versioned copy of a
program using ‘$(LN_S)’:
install-exec-hook:
cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && \
mv -f prog$(EXEEXT) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) && \
$(LN_S) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) prog$(EXEEXT)
Note that we rename the program so that a new version will erase the
symbolic link, not the real binary. Also we cd into the
destination directory in order to create relative links.
When writing install-exec-hook or install-data-hook,
please bear in mind that the exec/data distinction is based on the
installation directory, not on the primary used (see The Two Parts of Install).
So a foo_SCRIPTS will be installed by
install-data, and a barexec_SCRIPTS will be installed by
install-exec. You should define your hooks accordingly.
22.2 Third-Party Makefiles ¶
In most projects all Makefiles are generated by Automake. In
some cases, however, projects need to embed subdirectories with
handwritten Makefiles. For instance, one subdirectory could be
a third-party project with its own build system, not using Automake.
It is possible to list arbitrary directories in SUBDIRS or
DIST_SUBDIRS provided each of these directories has a
Makefile that recognizes all the following recursive targets.
When a user runs one of these targets, that target is run recursively
in all subdirectories. This is why it is important that even
third-party Makefiles support them.
allCompile the entire package. This is the default target in
Automake-generated Makefiles, but it does not need to be the
default in third-party Makefiles.
-
distdir ¶
Copy files to distribute into ‘$(distdir)’, before a tarball is
constructed. Of course this target is not required if the
no-dist option (see Changing Automake’s Behavior) is used.
The variables ‘$(top_distdir)’ and ‘$(distdir)’
(see The dist Hook) will be passed from the outer package to the subpackage
when the distdir target is invoked. These two variables have
been adjusted for the directory that is being recursed into, so they
are ready to use.
installinstall-datainstall-execuninstallInstall or uninstall files (see What Gets Installed).
install-dviinstall-htmlinstall-infoinstall-psinstall-pdfInstall only some specific documentation format (see Texinfo).
installdirsCreate install directories, but do not install any files.
checkinstallcheckCheck the package (see Support for test suites).
mostlycleancleandistcleanmaintainer-cleanCleaning rules (see What Gets Cleaned).
dvipdfpsinfohtmlBuild the documentation in various formats (see Texinfo).
tagsctagsBuild TAGS and CTAGS (see Interfacing to etags).
If you have ever used Gettext in a project, this is a good example of
how third-party Makefiles can be used with Automake. The
Makefiles that gettextize puts in the po/ and
intl/ directories are handwritten Makefiles that
implement all of these targets. That way they can be added to
SUBDIRS in Automake packages.
Directories that are only listed in DIST_SUBDIRS but not in
SUBDIRS need only the distclean,
maintainer-clean, and distdir rules (see Conditional Subdirectories).
Usually, many of these rules are irrelevant to the third-party
subproject, but they are required for the whole package to work. It’s
OK to have a rule that does nothing, so if you are integrating a
third-party project with no documentation or tag support, you could
augment its Makefile as follows:
EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS = dvi pdf ps info html tags ctags
.PHONY: $(EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS)
$(EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS):
To be clear, there is nothing special about the variable name
EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS; the name could be anything.
Another aspect of integrating third-party build systems is whether
they support VPATH builds (see Parallel Build Trees (a.k.a. VPATH Builds)). Obviously if the
subpackage does not support VPATH builds the whole package will not
support VPATH builds. This in turns means that ‘make distcheck’
will not work, because it relies on VPATH builds. Some people can
live without this (indeed, many Automake users have never heard of
‘make distcheck’). Other people may prefer to revamp the
existing Makefiles to support VPATH. Doing so does not
necessarily require Automake; only Autoconf is needed (see Build Directories in The Autoconf Manual).
The necessary substitutions: ‘@srcdir@’, ‘@top_srcdir@’,
and ‘@top_builddir@’ are defined by configure when it
processes a Makefile (see Preset
Output Variables in The Autoconf Manual); they are not
computed by the Makefile like the aforementioned ‘$(distdir)’ and
‘$(top_distdir)’ variables.
It is sometimes inconvenient to modify a third-party Makefile
to introduce the above required targets. For instance, one may want to
keep the third-party sources untouched to ease upgrades to new
versions.
Here are two other ideas. If GNU Make is assumed, one possibility is
to add to that subdirectory a GNUmakefile that defines the
required targets and includes the third-party Makefile. For
this to work in VPATH builds, GNUmakefile must lie in the build
directory; the easiest way to do this is to write a
GNUmakefile.in instead, and have it processed with
AC_CONFIG_FILES from the outer package. For example, if we
assume Makefile defines all targets except the documentation
targets, and that the real check target is named test,
we could write GNUmakefile (or GNUmakefile.in) like
this:
# First, include the real Makefile
include Makefile
# Then, define the other targets needed by Automake Makefiles.
.PHONY: dvi pdf ps info html check
dvi pdf ps info html:
check: test
A similar idea that does not use include is to write a proxy
Makefile that dispatches rules to the real Makefile,
either with ‘$(MAKE) -f Makefile.real $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) target’ (if
it’s OK to rename the original Makefile) or with ‘cd
subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) target’ (if it’s OK to store the
subdirectory project one directory deeper). The good news is that
this proxy Makefile can be generated with Automake. All we
need are -local targets (see Extending Automake Rules) that perform the
dispatch. Of course the other Automake features are available, so you
could decide to let Automake perform distribution or installation.
Here is a possible Makefile.am:
all-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) all
check-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) test
clean-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) clean
# Assuming the package knows how to install itself
install-data-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-data
install-exec-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec
uninstall-local:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) uninstall
# Distribute files from here.
EXTRA_DIST = subdir/Makefile subdir/program.c ...
Pushing this idea to the extreme, it is also possible to ignore the
subproject build system and build everything from this proxy
Makefile.am. This might well be sensible if you need VPATH
builds but the subproject does not support them.
26 Frequently Asked Questions about Automake ¶
This chapter covers some questions that often come up on the mailing
lists.
26.1 Version control and generated files ¶
Background: distributed generated Files ¶
Packages made with Autoconf and Automake ship with some generated
files like configure or Makefile.in. These files were
generated on the developer’s machine and are distributed so that
end-users do not have to install the maintainer tools required to
rebuild them. Other generated files like Lex scanners, Yacc parsers,
or Info documentation are usually distributed on similar grounds.
Automake output generates rules in Makefiles to rebuild these
files. For instance, make will run autoconf to
rebuild configure whenever configure.ac is changed.
This makes development safer by ensuring a configure is never
out-of-date with respect to configure.ac.
As generated files shipped in packages are up-to-date, and because
tar preserves timestamps, these rebuild rules are not
triggered when a user unpacks and builds a package.
Background: Version Control and Timestamps ¶
Typically when you update files with version control commands, working
files will have the timestamp of your update, not the original
timestamp of the commit. This is meant to make sure that
make notices that source files have been updated.
This timestamp shift is troublesome when both sources and generated
files are kept under version control. Because version control
commands often process files in lexical order, configure.ac
will appear newer than configure after a version control
command that updates both files, even if configure was newer
than configure.ac when it was committed. Calling
make will then trigger a spurious rebuild of
configure.
Living with Version Control in Autoconfiscated Projects ¶
There are basically two clans among maintainers: those who keep all
distributed files under version control, including generated files, and
those who keep generated files out of version control.
All Files under Version Control ¶
- The repository contains all distributed files so you know exactly
what is distributed, and you can check out any prior version entirely.
- Maintainers can see how generated files evolve (for instance, you can
see what happens to your Makefile.ins when you upgrade Automake
and make sure they look OK).
- Users do not need Autotools to build a check-out of the project; it
works just like a released tarball.
- If users use version control to update their copy, timestamps will likely be
inaccurate. Some rebuild rules will be triggered and attempt to
run developer tools such as
autoconf or automake.
Calls to such tools are all wrapped into a call to the missing
script discussed later (see missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE), so that the user will
see more descriptive warnings about missing or out-of-date tools, and
possible suggestions about how to obtain them, rather than just some
“command not found” error, or (worse) some obscure message from some
older version of the required tool they happen to have installed.
Maintainers interested in keeping their package buildable from a
checkout even for those users that lack maintainer-specific tools might
want to provide a helper script (or to enhance their existing bootstrap
script) to fix the timestamps after a checkout, to prevent spurious
rebuilds. In case of a project committing the Autotools-generated
files, as well as the generated .info files, such a script might
look something like this:
#!/bin/sh
# fix-timestamp.sh: Prevent useless rebuilds after "git pull".
sleep 1
# aclocal-generated aclocal.m4 depends on locally-installed
# '.m4' macro files, as well as on 'configure.ac'.
touch aclocal.m4
sleep 1
# autoconf-generated 'configure' and autoheader-generated
# config.h.in both depend on aclocal.m4 and on configure.ac.
touch configure config.h.in
# Automake-generated Makefile.in files depend on Makefile.am,
# and makeinfo-generated '.info' files depend on the
# corresponding '.texi' files.
touch $(git ls-files '*/Makefile.in' '*.info')
- In distributed development, developers are likely to have different
versions of the maintainer tools installed. In this case rebuilds
triggered by clock skew can lead to spurious changes to generated
files. There are several solutions to this:
- All developers should use the same versions, so that the rebuilt files
are identical to files in the repository. (This becomes difficult
when different projects on which you are working use different versions.)
- Or people use a script to fix the timestamp after a checkout (the GCC
folks have such a script).
- Or configure.ac uses
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE, which disables
all of these rebuild rules by default. This is further discussed in
missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE.
- Although we focused on spurious rebuilds, the converse can also
happen. Version control timestamp handling can also let you think an
out-of-date file is up-to-date.
For instance, suppose a developer has modified Makefile.am and
has rebuilt Makefile.in, and then decides to do a last-minute
change to Makefile.am right before checking in both files
(without rebuilding Makefile.in to account for the change).
This last change to Makefile.am makes the copy of
Makefile.in out-of-date. Assuming version control processes
files alphabetically, when another developer updates their tree,
Makefile.in will happen to be newer than Makefile.am.
This other developer will not see that Makefile.in is
out-of-date.
Generated Files out of Version Control ¶
One way to get version control and make working peacefully
is to never store generated files in version control, i.e., do not
version-control files that are Makefile targets (also called
derived files).
This way developers are not annoyed by changes to generated files. It
does not matter if they all have different versions (assuming they are
compatible, of course). And finally, timestamps are not lost; changes
to source files can’t be missed as in the
Makefile.am/Makefile.in example discussed earlier.
The drawback is that the repository does not contain some files that
are is distributed, so builders now need to install various
development tools (maybe even specific versions) before they can build
a checkout. But, after all, the job of version control is versioning,
not distribution.
Allowing developers to use different versions of their tools can also
hide bugs during distributed development. Indeed, developers will be
using (hence testing) their own generated files, instead of the
generated files that will be released. The developer who prepares the
tarball might be using a version of the tool that produces bogus
output (for instance a non-portable C file), something other
developers could have noticed if they weren’t using their own versions
of this tool.
Third-party Files ¶
Another class of files not discussed here (because they do not cause
timestamp issues) are files that are shipped with a package, but
maintained elsewhere. For instance, tools like gettextize
and autopoint (from Gettext) or libtoolize (from
Libtool), will install or update files in your package.
These files, whether they are kept under version control or not, raise
similar concerns about version mismatch between developers’ tools.
The Gettext manual has a section about this; see Integrating with Version Control Systems in GNU
gettext tools.
26.2 missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE ¶
missing ¶
The missing script is a wrapper around several maintainer
tools, designed to warn users if a maintainer tool is required but
missing. Typical maintainer tools are autoconf,
automake, bison, etc. Because files generated by
these tools are shipped with the other sources of a package, these
tools shouldn’t be required during a user build and they are not
checked for in configure.
However, if for some reason a rebuild rule is triggered and involves a
missing tool, missing will notice it and warn the user, even
suggesting how to obtain such a tool (at least in case it is a well-known
one, like makeinfo or bison). This is more helpful
and user-friendly than just having the rebuild rules spewing out a terse
error message like ‘sh: tool: command not found’. Similarly,
missing will warn the user if it detects that a maintainer
tool it attempted to use seems too old (be warned that diagnosing this
correctly is typically more difficult than detecting missing tools, and
requires cooperation from the tool itself, so it won’t always work).
If the required tool is installed, missing will run it and
won’t attempt to continue after failures. This is correct behavior during
development: developers love fixing failures. However, users with
missing or too old maintainer tools may get an error when the rebuild
rule is spuriously triggered, halting the build. This failure to let
the build continue is one of the arguments of the
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE advocates.
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE ¶
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE allows you to choose whether the so called
"rebuild rules" should be enabled or disabled. With
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE([enable]), they are enabled by default;
otherwise they are disabled by default. In the latter case, if you
have AM_MAINTAINER_MODE in configure.ac, and run
‘./configure && make’, then make will *never* attempt
to rebuild configure, Makefile.ins, Lex or Yacc outputs,
etc. That is, this disables build rules for files that are usually
distributed and that users should normally not have to update.
The user can override the default setting by passing either
‘--enable-maintainer-mode’ or ‘--disable-maintainer-mode’
to configure.
People use AM_MAINTAINER_MODE either because they do not want their
users (or themselves) annoyed by clock skew (see Version control and generated files), or
because they simply can’t stand the rebuild rules and prefer running
maintainer tools explicitly.
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE also allows you to disable some custom build
rules conditionally. Some developers use this feature to disable
rules that need exotic tools that users may not have available.
Several years ago François Pinard pointed out several arguments
against this AM_MAINTAINER_MODE macro. Most of them relate to
insecurity. By removing dependencies you get non-dependable builds:
changes to source files can have no effect on generated files and this
can be very confusing when unnoticed. He adds that security shouldn’t
be reserved to maintainers (what --enable-maintainer-mode
suggests), on the contrary. If one user has to modify a
Makefile.am, then either Makefile.in should be updated
or a warning should be output (this is what Automake uses
missing for) but the last thing you want is that nothing
happens and the user doesn’t notice it (this is what happens when
rebuild rules are disabled by AM_MAINTAINER_MODE).
Jim Meyering, the inventor of the AM_MAINTAINER_MODE macro, was
swayed by François’ arguments, and got rid of
AM_MAINTAINER_MODE in all of his packages.
Still many people continue to use AM_MAINTAINER_MODE, because
it helps them working on projects where all files are kept under version
control, and because missing isn’t enough if you have the
wrong version of the tools.
26.3 Why doesn’t Automake support wildcards? ¶
Developers are lazy. They would often like to use wildcards in
Makefile.ams, so that they would not need to remember to
update Makefile.ams every time they add, delete, or rename
a file.
There are several objections to this:
Still, these are philosophical objections, and as such you may disagree,
or find enough value in wildcards to dismiss all of them. Before you
start writing a patch against Automake to teach it about wildcards,
let’s see the main technical issue: portability.
Although ‘$(wildcard ...)’ works with GNU make, it is
not portable to other make implementations.
The only way Automake could support $(wildcard ...) is by
expanding $(wildcard ...) when automake is run.
The resulting Makefile.ins would be portable since they would
list all files and not use ‘$(wildcard ...)’. However that
means developers would need to remember to run automake each
time they add, delete, or rename files.
Compared to editing Makefile.am, this is a very small gain. Sure,
it’s easier and faster to type ‘automake; make’ than to type
‘emacs Makefile.am; make’. But nobody bothered enough to write a
patch to add support for this syntax. Some people use scripts to
generate file lists in Makefile.am or in separate
Makefile fragments.
Even if you don’t care about portability, and are tempted to use
‘$(wildcard ...)’ anyway because you target only GNU Make, you
should know there are many places where Automake needs to know exactly
which files should be processed. As Automake doesn’t know how to
expand ‘$(wildcard ...)’, you cannot use it in these places.
‘$(wildcard ...)’ is a black box comparable to AC_SUBSTed
variables as far Automake is concerned.
You can get warnings about ‘$(wildcard ...’) constructs using the
-Wportability flag.
26.4 Limitations on File Names ¶
Automake attempts to support all kinds of file names, even those that
contain unusual characters or are unusually long. However, some
limitations are imposed by the underlying operating system and tools.
Most operating systems prohibit the use of the null byte in file
names, and reserve ‘/’ as a directory separator. Also, they
require that file names are properly encoded for the user’s locale.
Automake is subject to these limits.
Portable packages should limit themselves to POSIX file
names. These can contain ASCII letters and digits,
‘_’, ‘.’, and ‘-’. File names consist of components
separated by ‘/’. File name components cannot begin with
‘-’.
Portable POSIX file names cannot contain components that exceed a
14-byte limit, but nowadays it’s normally safe to assume the
more-generous XOPEN limit of 255 bytes. POSIX
limits file names to 255 bytes (XOPEN allows 1023 bytes),
but you may want to limit a source tarball to file names of 99 bytes
to avoid interoperability problems with old versions of tar.
If you depart from these rules (e.g., by using non-ASCII
characters in file names, or by using lengthy file names), your
installers may have problems for reasons unrelated to Automake.
However, if this does not concern you, you should know about the
limitations imposed by Automake itself. These limitations are
undesirable, but some of them seem to be inherent to underlying tools
like Autoconf, Make, M4, and the shell. They fall into three
categories: install directories, build directories, and file names.
The following characters:
should not appear in the names of install directories. For example,
the operand of configure’s --prefix option should
not contain these characters.
Build directories suffer the same limitations as install directories,
and in addition should not contain the following characters:
For example, the full name of the directory containing the source
files should not contain these characters.
Source and installation file names like main.c are limited even
further: they should conform to the POSIX/XOPEN
rules described above. In addition, if you plan to port to
non-POSIX environments, you should avoid file names that
differ only in case (e.g., makefile and Makefile).
Nowadays it is no longer worth worrying about the 8.3 limits of
DOS file systems.
26.5 Flag Variables Ordering ¶
What is the difference between AM_CFLAGS, CFLAGS, and
mumble_CFLAGS?
Why does automake output CPPFLAGS after
AM_CPPFLAGS on compile lines? Shouldn’t it be the converse?
My configure adds some warning flags into CXXFLAGS. In
one Makefile.am I would like to append a new flag, however if I
put the flag into AM_CXXFLAGS it is prepended to the other
flags, not appended.
Compile Flag Variables ¶
This section attempts to answer all the above questions. We will
mostly discuss CPPFLAGS in our examples, but the answer holds
for all the compile flags used in Automake: CCASFLAGS,
CFLAGS, CPPFLAGS, CXXFLAGS, FCFLAGS,
FFLAGS, GCJFLAGS, LDFLAGS, LFLAGS,
LIBTOOLFLAGS, OBJCFLAGS, OBJCXXFLAGS,
RFLAGS, UPCFLAGS, and YFLAGS.
CPPFLAGS, AM_CPPFLAGS, and mumble_CPPFLAGS are
three variables that can be used to pass flags to the C preprocessor (
these variables are also used for other languages like C++ or
preprocessed Fortran). CPPFLAGS is the user variable
(see Variables reserved for the user), AM_CPPFLAGS is the Automake variable,
and mumble_CPPFLAGS is the variable specific to the
mumble target (we call this a per-target variable,
see Program and Library Variables).
Automake always uses two of these variables when compiling C sources
files. When compiling an object file for the mumble target,
the first variable will be mumble_CPPFLAGS if it is defined, or
AM_CPPFLAGS otherwise. The second variable is always
CPPFLAGS.
In the following example,
bin_PROGRAMS = foo bar
foo_SOURCES = xyz.c
bar_SOURCES = main.c
foo_CPPFLAGS = -DFOO
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBAZ
xyz.o will be compiled with ‘$(foo_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)’,
(because xyz.o is part of the foo target), while
main.o will be compiled with ‘$(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)’
(because there is no per-target variable for target bar).
The difference between mumble_CPPFLAGS and AM_CPPFLAGS
being clear enough, let’s focus on CPPFLAGS. CPPFLAGS
is a user variable, i.e., a variable that users are entitled to modify
in order to compile the package. This variable, like many others,
is documented at the end of the output of ‘configure --help’.
For instance, someone who needs to add /home/my/usr/include to
the C compiler’s search path would configure a package with
./configure CPPFLAGS='-I /home/my/usr/include'
and this flag would be propagated to the compile rules of all
Makefiles.
It is also not uncommon to override a user variable at
make-time. Many installers do this with prefix, but
this can be useful with compiler flags too. For instance, while
debugging a C++ project, if you need to disable optimization in one
specific object file, you can run something like
rm file.o
make CXXFLAGS=-O0 file.o
make
The reason ‘$(CPPFLAGS)’ appears after ‘$(AM_CPPFLAGS)’ or
‘$(mumble_CPPFLAGS)’ in the compile command is that users should
have the last say. In the example above, the desire is for the
‘CXXFLAGS=-O0’ to supersede any other switch from
AM_CXXFLAGS or mumble_CXXFLAGS.
It’s true that not all options to all programs can be overridden. So
in general, users could conceivably want to place options at arbitrary
places in the command line, but Automake does not support this. It
would be difficult to make such generality comprehensible. Being able
to specify the final options commonly suffices.
Thus, you should never redefine a user variable such as
CPPFLAGS in Makefile.am. Use ‘automake -Woverride’
to diagnose such mistakes. Even something like
CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\" @CPPFLAGS@
is erroneous. Although this preserves configure’s value of
CPPFLAGS, the definition of DATADIR will disappear if a
user attempts to override CPPFLAGS from the make
command line.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\"
is all that is needed here if no per-target flags are used.
You should not add options to these user variables within
configure either, for the same reason. Occasionally you need
to modify these variables to perform a test, but you should reset
their values afterwards. In contrast, it is OK to modify the
‘AM_’ variables within configure if you AC_SUBST
them, but it is rather rare that you need to do this, unless you want
to change the default definitions of the ‘AM_’ variables in all
Makefiles.
What we recommend is that you define extra flags in separate
variables. For instance, you may write an Autoconf macro that computes
a set of warning options for the C compiler, and AC_SUBST them
in WARNINGCFLAGS; you may also have an Autoconf macro that
determines which compiler and which linker flags should be used to
link with library libfoo, and AC_SUBST these in
LIBFOOCFLAGS and LIBFOOLDFLAGS. Then, a
Makefile.am could use these variables as follows:
AM_CFLAGS = $(WARNINGCFLAGS)
bin_PROGRAMS = prog1 prog2
prog1_SOURCES = ...
prog2_SOURCES = ...
prog2_CFLAGS = $(LIBFOOCFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS)
prog2_LDFLAGS = $(LIBFOOLDFLAGS)
In this example both programs will be compiled with the flags
substituted into ‘$(WARNINGCFLAGS)’, and prog2 will
additionally be compiled with the flags required to link with
libfoo.
Note that listing AM_CFLAGS in a per-target CFLAGS
variable is a common idiom to ensure that AM_CFLAGS applies to
every target in a Makefile.in.
Using variables like this gives you full control over the ordering of
the flags. For instance, if there is a flag in $(WARNINGCFLAGS) that
you want to negate for a particular target, you can use something like
‘prog1_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS) -no-flag’. If all of these flags had
been forcefully appended to CFLAGS, there would be no way to
disable one flag. Yet another reason to leave user variables to
users.
Finally, we have avoided naming the variable of the example
LIBFOO_LDFLAGS (with an underscore) because that would cause
Automake to think that this is a per-target variable (like
mumble_LDFLAGS) for some non-declared LIBFOO target.
Other Variables ¶
There are other variables in Automake that follow similar principles
to allow user options. For instance, Texinfo rules (see Texinfo)
use MAKEINFOFLAGS and AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS. Similarly,
DejaGnu tests (see DejaGnu Tests) use RUNTESTFLAGS and
AM_RUNTESTFLAGS. The tags and ctags rules
(see Interfacing to etags) use ETAGSFLAGS, AM_ETAGSFLAGS,
CTAGSFLAGS, and AM_CTAGSFLAGS. Java rules
(see Java bytecode compilation (deprecated)) use JAVACFLAGS and AM_JAVACFLAGS. None
of these rules support per-target flags (yet).
To some extent, even AM_MAKEFLAGS (see Recursing subdirectories)
obeys this naming scheme. The slight difference is that
MAKEFLAGS is passed to sub-makes implicitly by
make itself.
ARFLAGS (see Building a library) is usually defined by Automake and
has neither an AM_ nor a per-target cousin.
Finally you should not think that the existence of a per-target
variable implies the existence of an AM_ variable or of a user
variable. For instance, the mumble_LDADD per-target variable
overrides the makefile-wide LDADD variable (which is not a user
variable), and mumble_LIBADD exists only as a per-target
variable. See Program and Library Variables.
26.6 Why are object files sometimes renamed? ¶
This happens when per-target compilation flags are used. Object
files need to be renamed just in case they would clash with object
files compiled from the same sources, but with different flags.
Consider the following example.
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
true_SOURCES = generic.c
true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0
false_SOURCES = generic.c
false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1
Obviously the two programs are built from the same source, but it
would be bad if they shared the same object, because generic.o
cannot be built with both ‘-DEXIT_CODE=0’ and
‘-DEXIT_CODE=1’. Therefore automake outputs rules to
build two different objects: true-generic.o and
false-generic.o.
Automake doesn’t actually determine whether source files are shared to
decide if it must rename objects. It just renames all objects of a
target as soon as it sees that per-target compilation flags are used.
It’s OK to share object files when per-target compilation flags are not
used. For instance, true and false will both use
version.o in the following example.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DVERSION=1.0
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
true_SOURCES = true.c version.c
false_SOURCES = false.c version.c
Note that the renaming of objects is also affected by the
_SHORTNAME variable (see Program and Library Variables).
26.7 Per-Object Flags Emulation ¶
One of my source files needs to be compiled with different flags. How
do I do that?
Automake supports per-program and per-library compilation flags (see
Program and Library Variables and Flag Variables Ordering). With this you can define compilation flags that apply to
all files compiled for a target. For instance, in
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c foo.h bar.c bar.h main.c
foo_CFLAGS = -some -flags
foo-foo.o, foo-bar.o, and foo-main.o will all be
compiled with ‘-some -flags’. (If you wonder about the names of
these object files, see Why are object files sometimes renamed?.) Note that
foo_CFLAGS gives the flags to use when compiling all the C
sources of the program foo; it has nothing to do with
foo.c or foo-foo.o specifically.
What if foo.c needs to be compiled into foo.o using some
specific flags, that none of the other files requires? Obviously
per-program flags are not directly applicable here. Something like
per-object flags are expected, i.e., flags that would be used only
when creating foo-foo.o. Automake does not support that;
however this is easy to simulate using a library that contains only
that object, and compiling this library with per-library flags.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = bar.c bar.h main.c
foo_CFLAGS = -some -flags
foo_LDADD = libfoo.a
noinst_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a
libfoo_a_SOURCES = foo.c foo.h
libfoo_a_CFLAGS = -some -other -flags
Here foo-bar.o and foo-main.o will all be
compiled with ‘-some -flags’, while libfoo_a-foo.o will
be compiled using ‘-some -other -flags’. Eventually, all
three objects will be linked to form foo.
This trick can also be achieved using Libtool convenience libraries,
for instance ‘noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la’ (see Libtool Convenience Libraries).
Another tempting idea to implement per-object flags is to override the
compile rules automake would output for these files.
Automake will not define a rule for a target you have defined, so you
could think about defining the ‘foo-foo.o: foo.c’ rule yourself.
We recommend against this, because this is error prone. For instance,
if you add such a rule to the first example, it will break the day you
decide to remove foo_CFLAGS (because foo.c will then be
compiled as foo.o instead of foo-foo.o, see Why are object files sometimes renamed?). Also in order to support dependency tracking, the two
.o/.obj extensions, and all the other flags variables
involved in a compilation, you will end up modifying a copy of the
rule previously output by automake for this file. If a new
release of Automake generates a different rule, your copy will need to
be updated by hand.
This section describes a make idiom that can be used when a
tool produces multiple output files. It is not specific to Automake
and can be used in ordinary Makefiles.
First, however: GNU make is able to express rules with
multiple output files using pattern rules (see Pattern Rule Examples in The GNU Make Manual). We do not discuss
pattern rules here because they are not portable, but if you’re able
to assume GNU make, they are typically more convenient than
any of the below approaches.
Suppose we have a program called foo that will read one file
called data.foo and produce two files named data.c and
data.h. We want to write a Makefile rule that captures
this one-to-two dependency.
The naive rule is incorrect:
# This is incorrect.
data.c data.h: data.foo
foo data.foo
What the above rule says is that data.c and data.h each
depend on data.foo, and can each be built by running ‘foo
data.foo’. In other words it is equivalent to:
# We do not want this.
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.foo
foo data.foo
which means that foo can be run twice. Usually it will not
be run twice, because make implementations are smart enough
to check for the existence of the second file after the first one has
been built; they will therefore detect that it already exists.
However there are a few situations where it can run twice anyway:
- The most worrying case is when running a parallel
make. If
data.c and data.h are built in parallel, two ‘foo
data.foo’ commands will run concurrently. This is harmful.
- Another case is when the dependency (here data.foo) is
(or depends upon) a phony target.
Ideally, we want a scheme that will support any number of output
files, and that works with parallel make invocations, and
that does nothing when ‘make -n’ is run. It is apparently not
possible to achieve a perfect solution. Even an acceptable solution
for the majority of cases gets complicated, so we will take it step by
step.
One idea is to write the following:
# There is still a problem with this one.
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
The idea is that ‘foo data.foo’ is run only when data.c
needs to be updated, but we further state that data.h depends
upon data.c. That way, if data.h is required and
data.foo is out of date, the dependency on data.c will
trigger the build.
This is almost perfect, but suppose we have built data.h and
data.c, and then we erase data.h. Then, running
‘make data.h’ will not rebuild data.h. The above rules
just state that data.c must be up-to-date with respect to
data.foo, and this is already the case.
What we need is a rule that forces a rebuild when data.h is
missing. Here it is:
# More or less works, but not easy to generalize.
data.c: data.foo
foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@
@test -f $@ || rm -f data.c
@test -f $@ || $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c
It is tempting to use a single test as follows:
# This breaks make -n.
data.h: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
rm -f data.c; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
fi
but that would break ‘make -n’: at least GNU make and
Solaris make execute recipes containing the ‘$(MAKE)’
string even when they are running in dry mode. So if we didn’t break
the recipe above in two invocations, the file data.c would be
removed even upon ‘make -n’. Not nice.
The above scheme can be extended to handle more outputs and more
inputs. One of the outputs is selected to serve as a witness to the
successful completion of the command, it depends upon all inputs, and
all other outputs depend upon it. For instance, if foo
should additionally read data.bar and also produce
data.w and data.x, we would write:
data.c: data.foo data.bar
foo data.foo data.bar
data.h data.w data.x: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@
@test -f $@ || rm -f data.c
@test -f $@ || $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c
However there are now three problems in this setup. One is related to
the timestamp ordering of data.h, data.w, data.x,
and data.c. A second is a race condition if a parallel
make attempts to run multiple instances of the recover block
at once. Finally, the recursive rule breaks ‘make -n’ when run
with GNU make (as well as some other make
implementations), as it may remove data.h even when it should
not (see How the MAKE Variable Works in The GNU Make Manual).
Let us deal with the first problem. foo outputs four files,
but we do not know in which order these files are created. Suppose
that data.h is created before data.c. Then we have a
weird situation. The next time make is run, data.h
will appear older than data.c, the second rule will be
triggered, a shell will be started to execute the ‘if…fi’
command, but it will just execute the then branch, that is:
nothing. In other words, because the witness we selected is not the
first file created by foo, make will start a shell
to do nothing each time it is run.
A simple riposte is to fix the timestamps when this happens.
data.c: data.foo data.bar
foo data.foo data.bar
data.h data.w data.x: data.c
@test ! -f $@ || touch $@
## Recover from the removal of $@
@test -f $@ || rm -f data.c
@test -f $@ || $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c
Another solution is to use a different and dedicated file as witness,
rather than using any of foo’s outputs.
data.stamp: data.foo data.bar
@rm -f data.tmp
@touch data.tmp
foo data.foo data.bar
@mv -f data.tmp $@
data.c data.h data.w data.x: data.stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@
@test -f $@ || rm -f data.stamp
@test -f $@ || $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp
data.tmp is created before foo is run, so it has a
timestamp older than output files output by foo. It is then
renamed to data.stamp after foo has run, because we
do not want to update data.stamp if foo fails.
This solution still suffers from the second problem: the race
condition in the recover rule. If, after a successful build, a user
erases data.c and data.h, and runs ‘make -j’, then
make may start both recover rules in parallel. If the two
instances of the rule execute ‘$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS)
data.stamp’ concurrently the build is likely to fail (for instance, the
two rules will create data.tmp, but only one can rename it).
Admittedly, such a weird situation does not arise during ordinary
builds. It occurs only when the build tree is mutilated. Here
data.c and data.h have been explicitly removed without
also removing data.stamp and the other output files.
make clean; make will always recover from these situations even
with parallel makes, so you may decide that the recover rule is solely
to help non-parallel make users and leave things as-is. Fixing this
requires some locking mechanism to ensure only one instance of the
recover rule rebuilds data.stamp. One could imagine something
along the following lines.
data.c data.h data.w data.x: data.stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
trap 'rm -rf data.lock data.stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
## mkdir is a portable test-and-set
if mkdir data.lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
rm -f data.stamp; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp; \
result=$$?; rm -rf data.lock; exit $$result; \
else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
while test -d data.lock; do sleep 1; done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
test -f data.stamp; \
fi; \
fi
Using a dedicated witness, like data.stamp, is very handy when
the list of output files is not known beforehand. As an illustration,
consider the following rules to compile many *.el files into
*.elc files in a single command. It does not matter how
ELFILES is defined (as long as it is not empty: empty targets
are not accepted by POSIX).
ELFILES = one.el two.el three.el ...
ELCFILES = $(ELFILES:=c)
elc-stamp: $(ELFILES)
@rm -f elc-temp
@touch elc-temp
$(elisp_comp) $(ELFILES)
@mv -f elc-temp $@
$(ELCFILES): elc-stamp
@if test -f $@; then :; else \
## Recover from the removal of $@
trap 'rm -rf elc-lock elc-stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
if mkdir elc-lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
rm -f elc-stamp; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) elc-stamp; \
rmdir elc-lock; \
else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
while test -d elc-lock; do sleep 1; done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
test -f elc-stamp; exit $$?; \
fi; \
fi
These solutions all still suffer from the third problem, namely that
they break the promise that ‘make -n’ should not cause any actual
changes to the tree. For those solutions that do not create lock files,
it is possible to split the recover rules into two separate recipe
commands, one of which does all work but the recursion, and the
other invokes the recursive ‘$(MAKE)’. The solutions involving
locking could act upon the contents of the ‘MAKEFLAGS’ variable,
but parsing that portably is not easy (see The Make Macro MAKEFLAGS in The Autoconf Manual). Here is an example:
ELFILES = one.el two.el three.el ...
ELCFILES = $(ELFILES:=c)
elc-stamp: $(ELFILES)
@rm -f elc-temp
@touch elc-temp
$(elisp_comp) $(ELFILES)
@mv -f elc-temp $@
$(ELCFILES): elc-stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@
@dry=; for f in x $$MAKEFLAGS; do \
case $$f in \
*=*|--*);; \
*n*) dry=:;; \
esac; \
done; \
if test -f $@; then :; else \
$$dry trap 'rm -rf elc-lock elc-stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
if $$dry mkdir elc-lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
$$dry rm -f elc-stamp; \
$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) elc-stamp; \
$$dry rmdir elc-lock; \
else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
while test -d elc-lock && test -z "$$dry"; do \
sleep 1; \
done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
$$dry test -f elc-stamp; exit $$?; \
fi; \
fi
26.9 Installing to Hard-Coded Locations ¶
My package needs to install some configuration file. I tried to use
the following rule, but ‘make distcheck’ fails. Why?
# Do not do this.
install-data-local:
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/afile $(DESTDIR)/etc/afile
My package needs to populate the installation directory of another
package at install-time. I can easily compute that installation
directory in configure, but if I install files therein,
‘make distcheck’ fails. How else should I do it?
These two setups share their symptoms: ‘make distcheck’ fails
because they are installing files to hard-coded paths. In the latter
case the path is not hard-coded in the package, but we can consider it
to be hard-coded in the system (or in whichever tool that supplies the
path). As long as the path does not use any of the standard directory
variables (‘$(prefix)’, ‘$(bindir)’, ‘$(datadir)’,
etc.), the effect will be the same: user-installations are impossible.
As a (non-root) user who wants to install a package, you usually have no
right to install anything in /usr or /usr/local. So you
do something like ‘./configure --prefix ~/usr’ to install a
package in your own ~/usr tree.
If a package attempts to install something to some hard-coded path
(e.g., /etc/afile), regardless of this --prefix setting,
then the installation will fail. ‘make distcheck’ performs such
a --prefix installation, hence it will fail too.
Now, there are some easy solutions.
The above install-data-local example for installing
/etc/afile would be better replaced by
By default sysconfdir will be ‘$(prefix)/etc’, because
this is what the GNU Standards require. When such a package is
installed on an FHS compliant system, the installer will have to set
‘--sysconfdir=/etc’. As the maintainer of the package you
should not be concerned by such site policies: use the appropriate
standard directory variable to install your files so that the installer
can easily redefine these variables to match their site conventions.
Installing files that should be used by another package is slightly
more involved. Let’s take an example and assume you want to install
a shared library that is a Python extension module. If you ask Python
where to install the library, it will answer something like this:
% python -c 'from distutils import sysconfig;
print sysconfig.get_python_lib(1,0)'
/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages
If you indeed use this absolute path to install your shared library,
non-root users will not be able to install the package; hence
distcheck fails.
Let’s do better. The ‘sysconfig.get_python_lib()’ function
accepts a third argument that will replace Python’s installation
prefix.
% python -c 'from distutils import sysconfig;
print sysconfig.get_python_lib(1,0,"${exec_prefix}")'
${exec_prefix}/lib/python2.5/site-packages
You can also use this new path. If you do
- root users can install your package with the same --prefix
as Python (you get the behavior of the previous attempt)
- non-root users can install your package too; they will have the
extension module in a place that is not searched by Python but they
can work around this using environment variables (and if you installed
scripts that use this shared library, it’s easy to tell Python where to
look in the beginning of your script, so the script works in both
cases).
The AM_PATH_PYTHON macro uses similar commands to define
‘$(pythondir)’ and ‘$(pyexecdir)’ (see Python).
Of course not all tools are as advanced as Python regarding that
substitution of prefix. So another strategy is to figure out the
part of the installation directory that must be preserved. For
instance, here is how AM_PATH_LISPDIR (see Emacs Lisp)
computes ‘$(lispdir)’:
$EMACS -batch -no-site-file -eval '(while load-path
(princ (concat (car load-path) "\n"))
(setq load-path (cdr load-path)))' >conftest.out
lispdir=`sed -n
-e 's,/$,,'
-e '/.*\/lib\/x*emacs\/site-lisp$/{
s,.*/lib/\(x*emacs/site-lisp\)$,${libdir}/\1,;p;q;
}'
-e '/.*\/share\/x*emacs\/site-lisp$/{
s,.*/share/\(x*emacs/site-lisp\),${datarootdir}/\1,;p;q;
}'
conftest.out`
That is, it just picks the first directory that looks like
*/lib/*emacs/site-lisp or */share/*emacs/site-lisp in
the search path of emacs, and then substitutes ‘${libdir}’ or
‘${datadir}’ appropriately.
The emacs case looks complicated because it processes a list and
expects two possible layouts; otherwise it’s easy, and the benefits
for non-root users are worth the extra sed invocation.
26.10 Debugging Make Rules ¶
The rules and dependency trees generated by automake can get
rather complex, and leave the developer head-scratching when things
don’t work as expected. Besides the debug options provided by the
make command (see Options Summary in The GNU Make
Manual), here’s a couple of further hints for debugging makefiles
generated by automake effectively:
- If less verbose output has been enabled in the package with the use
of silent rules (see How Automake can help in silencing Make), you’ll probably want
undo that and see the actual commands being run: see Unsilencing Automake.
make -n can help show what would be done without actually doing
it. However, this still executes commands prefixed with
‘+’, and, when using GNU make, commands that contain
the strings ‘$(MAKE)’ or ‘${MAKE}’ (see Instead of
Execution in The GNU Make Manual). Typically, this is helpful
to show what recursive rules would do, but it means that, in your own
rules, you should not mix such recursion with actions that change any
files. Furthermore,
GNU make will update prerequisites for the Makefile
file itself even with -n (see Remaking Makefiles in The GNU Make Manual).
make SHELL="/bin/bash -vx" can help debug complex rules.
See The Make Macro SHELL in The Autoconf Manual, for some
portability quirks associated with this construct.
echo 'print: ; @echo "$(VAR)"' | make -f Makefile -f - print
can be handy to examine the expanded value of variables. You may need
to use a target other than ‘print’ if that is already used or a
file with that name exists.
- http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/remake/ provides a modified
GNU
make command called remake that copes with
complex GNU make-specific Makefiles and allows tracing
execution, examining variables, and calling rules interactively, much like
a debugger.
26.11 Reporting Bugs ¶
Most nontrivial software has bugs. Automake is no exception. We
cannot promise we can or will fix a bug, and we might not even agree
that it is a bug, but we want to hear about problems you
encounter. Often we agree they are bugs and want to fix them.
So, to make it possible for us to fix a bug, please report it.
If you can, though, it is helpful if you check if it is already known.
You can look at the GNU Bug Tracker
and the bug-automake mailing list archives for previous bug reports. (We
previously used a Gnats database for bug tracking, but it is no longer
online.)
If the bug is not already known, it should be reported. To report
bugs in a way that is useful and efficient, please read
How
to Report Bugs Effectively and
How to Ask
Questions the Smart Way. Good bug reports save time for everyone.
For a bug report, a feature request or other suggestions, please send
email to [email protected]. This will then open a new
bug in the bug tracker. Be
sure to include the versions of Autoconf and Automake that you use and
the kind of system you’re on. Ideally, post a minimal
Makefile.am and configure.ac that reproduces the problem
you encounter. If you have encountered test suite failures, please
attach the test-suite.log file.